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Anatomy - Heart and Vessels

Terms in this set (92)

2 primary changes in the body that occur to compensate for a drop in blood pressure?
increase heart rate and increase in vasoconstriction
cells responsible for immune response?
leukocytes -WBC
what molecule binds erythrocytes?
hemoglobin
3 things that effect osmolarity?
sodium/protein/RBC
hypoprotienemia
is the term meaning the presence of abnormally low concentrations of protein in the blood.
What is the universal blood type?
O negative
What side of the heart pumps blood through the systemic circuit?
Left side
What do we call the 2 layered membrane surrounding the heart?
pericardium
pericarditis
inflammation of the pericardium
What is bradycardia?
slow heart rate less than 60 beats per minute
Stroke Volume (SV)
The volume of blood pumped forward with each ventricular contraction.
embolism
clot traveling in a vessel
thrombosis
abnormal condition of a blood clot in unbroken vessel
away
arteries carry blood away from the heart
towards
Veins carry blood towards the heart
pericardium
Double-layered membrane surrounding the heart.
atria
the two upper chambers of the heart - receive blood for the heart (superior)
ventricles
the two lower chambers of the heart - pump blood out of the heart (inferior)
right side
the right side of the heart pumps blood to the lungs (short distance)
left side
the left side of the heart pumps blood to the rest of the body (long distance)
atrioventricular valves
atria are separated from the ventricles by the atrioventricular valves
tricuspid valve
valve between the right atrium and the right ventricle
bicuspid (mitral) valve
valve that lies between the left atrium and left ventricle, has two cusps
semilunar valves
pulmonary and aortic valves located between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery and between the left ventricle and the aorta
pulmonary valve
valve positioned between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery
aortic valve
heart valve between the left ventricle and the aorta
Purpose of valves in the heart
prevent backflow of blood by making sure the blood flows in one direction
cardiac muscle tissue
striated which allows for the fast transmission of electrical impulses from one cell to another
large mitochondria
cardiac muscles cells have many large mitochondria to perform aerobic respiration
myoglobin and glycogen
cardiac muscle cells are rich in myoglobin and glycogen (used for oxygen and fuel)
fules as energy
cardiac muscle cells can use a variety of fuels as energy sources (glucose, amino acids, fatty acids, and ketones)
Systole
Contraction of the heart
Diastole
Relaxation of the heart
SA node
The hearts pacemaker; originates electrical impulse that begins each heartbeat
atrioventricular node
the ventricles will be stimulated to contract from this node
Purkinje fibers
fibers in the ventricles that transmit impulses to the right and left ventricles, causing them to contract
atrial systole
atrial contraction and depolarize - creating decreased volume and higher pressure
atrial diastole
relaxation of the atria and repolarize - increasing the volume and decreasing the pressure
ventricular systole
ventricles contract and depolarize- decreases the volume and increases pressure
ventricular diastole
ventricles relax and repolarize - increasing volume and decreasing the pressure
4 chambers
all 4 chambers of the heart fill with blood during ventricular diastole
Electrocardiogram (ECG)
looking at cardiac rhythms through 5 different waves
P wave
depolarization of the atria
Q, R, and S waves
depolarization of the ventricles
T wave
repolarization of ventricles
ECG also shows....
the contraction of the myocardium
cardiac output
The volume of blood ejected by each ventricle of the heart in one minute.
heart rate
number of beats per minute - measured by feeling a pulse in an artery
stroke volume
The amount of blood ejected from the heart in one contraction.
cardiac reserve
the difference between a person's cardiac output of a heart at rest and the maximum cardiac output the heart can achieve
frank sterling law of the heart
following preload - states that the heart must pump out the amount of blood it receives (if more blood comes in, more blood must go out)
Preload
the amount of tension in the myocardium of the ventricular walls
Afterload
the pressure in the pulmonary trunk and the aorta during diastole
normal resting heart rate
60-80 bpm
Tachycardia
A rapid heart rate, more than 100 beats/min.
Bradycardia
abnormally slow heart rate below 60 beats per minute
Chronotropic factors
anything that changes the heart rate
autonomic nervous system (ANS)
regulates heart rate in two locations
Cardiac accelerator center
Sympathetic neurons to stimulate the SA and AV nodes to speed up heart rate
Cardiac Inhibitory Center (CIC)
uses parasympathetic neurons of the vagus nerve to keep the SA node at 70-80 bpm
chronotropic chemicals
chemicals that change the heart rate
proprioceptors
Sensory receptors, located in the muscles and joints, that provide information about body position and movement.
Baroreceptors
detect changes in blood pressure
Chemoreceptors
monitor pH, carbon dioxide, and oxygen levels in the blood
Epinephrine
increases heart rate
caffeine/nicotine, thyroid hormone
increases the heart rate
potassium ions
decrease heart rate - used at very high levels in the lethal injection
Artieries
carry blood away from the heart and to the capillaries
Capillaries
allow for exchange of materials between the blood and tissues
Veins
deliver blood from the capillaries back to the heart
Venules
smallest veins
normal blood pressure
120/80
high blood pressure
greater than 140/90
low blood pressure
Below 100/60
Atherosclerosis
condition in which fatty deposits called plaque build up on the inner walls of the arteries
congestive heart failure
A condition resulting from the heart's inability to pump out all the blood that returns to it; blood backs up in the veins leading to the heart, causing an accumulation of fluid in various parts of the body
myocardial infarction
death of myocardial tissue fed by that artery is a heart attack
Mediastinum
the heart is located in the ____________
10 oz or 300 g
weight of the heart
heart is composed of these three walls
epicardium, myocardium, and the endocardium
hypotension
caused by dehydration, blood loss, and anemia
hypertension
can be the cause of aneurisms, which can cause vessel walls to weaken or even rupture
murmur
abnormal heart sound (makes a shhhh sound)
functional murmur
not a problem to worry about
pathological murmur
possible leaky valve and needs medical assistance
Lubb heart sound
corresponds to turbulence on AV valves
Dupp heart sound
occurs during ventricular diastole as the semilunar valves are closing
foramen ovale
connects the two atria in the fetal heart
fossa ovalis
remnant of foramen ovale of fetal heart and closes at birth
cardiac tamponade
acute compression of the heart due to the accumulation of fluid within the pericardial cavity
deoxygenated blood
The right atrium receives deoxygenated blood from systemic circulation
oxygenated blood
the left atrium receives oxygenated blood from pulmonary circulation
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