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Psychology Chapter 13: Prejudice and Intergroup Relations

Terms in this set (63)

prejudice
A negative attitude toward an individual based solely on his or her membership in a particular group
racism
prejudiced attitudes toward a particular race
aversive racism
simultaneously holding egalitarian values and negative feelings toward people or other races
discrimination
unequal treatment of different people based on the groups or categories to which they belong
stereotypes
beliefs that associate groups of people with certain traits
subtypes
categories that people use for individuals who do not fit a general stereotype
categorization
the natural tendency of humans to sort objects into groups
social categorization
the process of sorting people into groups on the basis of characteristics they have in common (race, gender, age, religion, sexual orientation)
outgroup members
people who belong to a different
prejudice is to discrimination as _____ is to _____
affect; behavior
which of the following refers to the tendency that some people have to simultaneously (1) hold egalitarian values, and (2) experience negative feelings when interacting with minority groups
aversive racism
one reason why people hold on to their stereotypes- even in the face of refuting evidence as "exceptions," which constitute their own (new) categories. That is, they tend to create _____
subtypes
Becca is a store clerk. While she is shopping at another store on her day off, she runs into a very rude store clerk and a very rude manager. Becca will probably conclude ______
most managers but not necessarily store clerks tend to be rude
stigma by association
rejection of those who associate with stigmatized others
ingroup members
people who belong to the same group or category as we do
outgroup homogeneity bias
the assumption that outgroup members are more similar to one another than ingroup members are to one another
homophobia
is an excessive fear of homosexuals or homosexual behavior
stigmas
characteristics of individuals that are considered socially unacceptable (overweight, mentally ill, sick, poor)
the second leading cause of preventable death in the United States is ______
diet and activity
research shows that atheists are considered to be _____ than religious people
less trustworthy
research shows that compared to non-obese people, obese people are less _____
conscientious
which of the following is not thought to be a major motivator of anti-gay prejudice?
a. feelings of disgust
b. desire to have more possible relationship partners
c. fear of having to refuse homosexual advances
d. fear that one might enjoy homosexuality
fear that one might enjoy homosexuality
ingroup favoritism
preferential treatment of, or more favorable attitudes toward, people in one's own group
minimal group effect
the finding that people show favoritism toward ingroup members even when group membership is randomly determined
superordinate goals
goals that can be achieved only by cooperating and working with others
realistic conflict theory
the idea that competition over scarce resources leads to intergroup hostility and conflict
competition
situation in which people can attain their goals only if others do not
cooperation
situation in which people must work together with others to help all achieve their goals
discontinuity effect
the finding that groups are more extreme, and often more hostile, than individuals
contact hypothesis
the idea that regular interaction between members of different groups reduces prejudice, providing that it occurs under favorable conditions
explanation for why prejudice exists: competition
according to realistic conflict theory, competition over scarce resources leads to intergroup hostility and conflict

ex: competition over good housing, schools, and jobs can lead to hostility toward outgroup members
explanation for why prejudice exists: ignorance
people who have very little contact with other groups have no information about them, and so they attempt to fill the gap by forming stereotypes

ex: people who have little contact with Muslims may assume that they all support the jihad against the West
explanation for why prejudice exists: rationalizations for oppression
to retain their status, powerful groups justify and rationalize prejudice against less powerful groups

ex: some feminists have suggested that men invented stereotypes women simply to rationalize continued oppression of women
explanation for why prejudice exists: stereotypes as heuristics
to simplify their world, people often rely on stereotypes as mental shortcuts or heuristics

ex: rather than collect information about each African American individually, it requires less mental effort to stereotype them all as good at music and sports
explanation for why prejudice exists: prejudice boosts self-esteem
people can feel better about themselves if they consider their own group superior and all other groups inferior

ex: people might feel better about themselves if they think their own religion is the only true one and all others are false
If some participants are randomly assigned to a "red group" and others are assigned to a "gray group," the "red group" members will think they are superior to the "gray group" members, whereas the "gray group" members will think they are superior to the "red group" members. What is this phenomenon called?
minimal group effect
the robber's cave study provides ______
evidence that competition is necessary to the creation of intergroup conflict
According to the discontinuity effect, _____
groups are more influenced by competition than individuals are
what does the research indicate about the contact hypothesis
contract with outgroup members decreases prejudice in positive contexts
research has shown that stereotypes about women are ______
accurate in content and degree
Joe is the kind of man who likes to hold doors open for women, buy them flowers and chocolates, pay for their meals, and in general put them on a pedestal. Joe is demonstrating ______
benevolent sexism
What type of sexism leads to the greatest reductions on cognitive performance tests in women?
benevolent sexism leads to the greatest reductions in cognitive performance
benevolent sexism is considered romantic in what part of the United States
Southern
salience
being obvious or standing out
scapegoat theory
the idea that blaming problems and misfortunes on outgroups contributes to negative attitudes toward these outgroups
self-serving bias
the tendency for people to take personal credit for success but refuse blame for problems or failures
confirmation bias
the tendency to focus more on evidence that supports one's expectations than on evidence that contradicts them
the psychological term for obviousness is _______
salience
what theory proposes that people blame their problems and misfortunes on outgroups
scapegoat theory
in a famous 1940 study, researchers found that as cotton prices decreased, the number of lynchings _______
increased
Lea believes that all Muslims are terrorists. She searches for evidence on the Internet and finds lots of "evidence" to support his belief. Lea is exhibiting __________.
confirmation bias
jigsaw classroom
a cooperative learning technique for reducing feelings of prejudice by having students interact and cooperate to learn material
in the united states, people are most likely to consciously override prejudicial feelings for what group of individuals
african americans
A state police force has set a height requirement of 5 feet 10 inches for all officers. This requirement is irrelevant to job effectiveness but generally excludes Hispanics, Asians, and women from the force. Such a requirement most clearly reflects _______
racism and sexism
Jett can think of many interesting ideas, but he isn't a very good writer. Kiowa is an excellent writer, but he is not very creative. In order to write a book, the two of them form a team. Writing a book in this example is a __________ goal.
superordinate
what type of classroom has been shown to reduce prejudiced feelings
jigsaw
self-fufilling prophecies
a prediction that ensures, by the behavior it generates, that it will come true
self-defeating prophecy
a prediction that ensures, by the behavior it generates, that it will not come true
steretype threat
the fear that one might confirm the stereotypes that others hold
Once we have adopted a certain expectation, we tend to behave in a manner that is consistent with that expectation, and the expectation comes true. This effect is called the _______
self-fulfilling prophecy
compared to European Americans, African Americans generally have _____ levels of self-esteem
higher
in a social interaction between blacks and whites, which group tends to be more anxious
both blacks and whites
Mr. Trig, a high school math teacher, communicates to his class that he thinks boys tend to do better in math than girls. As a result, some of the girls in his class become anxious about doing math problems. The girls are experiencing ________
stereotype threat
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