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Path HIM Chapter 22, 23, 24

Terms in this set (111)

Which of the following statements regarding cystic fibrosis of the pancreas is untrue?
Most affected persons have a normal life expectancy if properly treated.
Which of the following statements regarding type I (insulin-dependent) diabetes is INCORRECT?
It is transmitted as a mendelian dominant trait.
Which of the following statements regarding type 2 (adult-onset) diabetes is INCORRECT?
Affected individuals are prone to ketoacidosis.
Which of the following biochemical disturbances does NOT occur in insulin-dependent (type 1) diabetes mellitus?
Increased secretion of insulin by the pancreas
A 27-year-old woman has insulin-dependent (type 1) diabetes. Which of the following is NOT characteristic of this condition?
Thick mucous secretions that block the pancreatic ducts
Which of the following conditions are associated with acute hemorrhagic pancreatitis?
All of the listed conditions are associated with acute hemorrhagic pancreatitis.
All of the following are associated with chronic pancreatitis EXCEPT:
hypoglycemia (low blood glucose).
Which of the following statements about cystic fibrosis of the pancreas is INCORRECT?
With proper treatment, affected persons have a normal life expectancy.
Which of the following statements regarding the pancreas is INCORRECT?
Glucagon and insulin regulate the level of blood glucose in a similar fashion.
Which of the following statements about pancreatitis is INCORRECT?
This disease develops because the pancreatic islets are incapable of secreting sufficient insulin.
Which of the following statements regarding cystic fibrosis is INCORRECT?
The abnormal gene involved in the disease results from a mutation of a normal gene, the cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator.
In a person afflicted with cystic fibrosis, electrolyte and water secretion is deficient in the mucus secreted by the epithelial cells in all EXCEPT which of the following areas?
Liver
All of the following traits are consistent with people afflicted with type 2 diabetes EXCEPT:
normal build and weight.
Insulin performs all of the following functions EXCEPT:
It promotes storage of glucose in muscle and liver cells.
Adult-onset diabetes exhibits the following features EXCEPT: Choose all that apply.
It is not related to obesity.
Coenzyme A is best described as which of the following?
A large carrier molecule
Beta-hydroxybutyric acid is formed in which of the following ways?
By the addition of a hydrogen atom to an oxygen atom
When fat is metabolized as a source of energy, what occurs first?
Split into fatty acids and glycerol
All of the following statements are biochemical disturbances in diabetes EXCEPT:
The body loses excessive amounts of protein and electrolytes.
All of the following describe disturbances of type 1 diabetes EXCEPT:
Elevated blood glycogen
All of the following are complications of diabetes EXCEPT:
Increased incidence of liver disease
The release of epinephrine causes all of the following effects EXCEPT:
Suppression of sweat glands, causing a cold sweat
A high level of blood glucose is called __________.
hyperglycemia
Episodes of severe hypoglycemia can sometimes be the result of beta cells that give rise to insulin-secreting tumors.
True
Gout is sometimes a complication of diabetes.
False
The terms diabetic acidosis and ketoacidosis describe the same condition.
True
Adult-onset diabetes is characterized by a reduced insulin secretion as opposed to an inadequate response to insulin.
False
Persons who inherit certain HLA-D types are at increased risk of acquiring type 1 diabetes mellitus.
True
Acetone is the combination of fatty acids and glycerol.
False
Persons with cystic fibrosis whose lungs no longer function can be treated by lung transplants.
True
The function of the sweat glands is abnormal in persons afflicted with cystic fibrosis because the glands can no longer conserve sodium and potassium.
False
The average life expectancy of someone with cystic fibrosis is 15 years.
False
Somatostatin is a hormone that is secreted by the alpha cells of the islet of Langerhans.
False
Disturbances in fat and protein metabolism in diabetes can be reversed by the action of insulin.
True
In severe diabetes, ketone bodies are produced at a rate that the body cannot maintain the normal blood pH.
True
Which microorganism produces an enterotoxin that is responsible for antibiotic-associated enterocolitis?
Clostridium difficile
Which of these microorganisms that colonizes the stomach may cause chronic inflammation of the gastric mucosa and may predispose to gastric and duodenal ulcers?
Helicobacter pylori
Helicobacter pylori have been implicated as a cause of which of the following gastrointestinal diseases?
Chronic gastritis
Which of the following statements regarding diverticulosis of the colon is INCORRECT?
Diverticula predispose to colon carcinoma.
Which of the following esophageal diseases predispose to esophageal carcinoma?
Barrett's esophagus
A patient has a large colon carcinoma with a hypochromic (iron-deficiency) anemia. The anemia is probably due to which of the following?
Chronic blood loss from the ulcerated surface of the tumor
An intussusception is a __________.
telescoping of one segment of bowel into another
Which of the following statements regarding diverticulosis of the colon is INCORRECT?
Most colon diverticula are congenital.
Which of the following statements about pseudomembranous enterocolitis is INCORRECT?
Overgrowth of the yeast Candida albicans causes necrosis of intestinal mucosa.
Which of the following conditions is a characteristic feature of Crohn disease?
Usually involves primarily the small intestine
The organism responsible for antibiotic-associated colitis is __________.
Clostridium difficile
Each tooth is composed of all of the following EXCEPT __________.
tooth bud
Cementum can best be described as which of the following?
A thin layer of bonelike tissue that covers the root of a tooth
Which mineral is deposited in the dentine and enamel of the tooth as it is being formed?
Calcium
Treatment of reflux esophagitis includes all of the following EXCEPT which of the following?
Lying down soon after eating
A fistula is another term for:
a tube
All of the following are complications of peptic ulcers EXCEPT:
scarring
Crohn disease and chronic ulcerative colitis are similar diseases. Several factors seem to be working together to trigger the response that leads to these diseases. Which of the following statements does NOT describe a trigger?
Antibiotics sometimes cause these diseases by changing the intestinal bacterial flora.
In order to diagnose irritable bowel syndrome, the physician must first rule out all but which of the following?
Intestinal obstruction
Which of the following is NOT a common cause of intestinal obstruction?
Diverticulosis
If a herniated loop becomes stuck and cannot be reduced (but the blood supply is unimpeded), it is referred to as:
incarcerated.
A herniated loop that can be reduced is described as which of the following?
Reducible
The failure of the cardiac sphincter to open properly is associated with the following features EXCEPT:
Normal esophageal contraction allows for the passage of the food into the stomach.
An incompetent cardiac sphincter can result in any of the following EXCEPT:
Cardiospasm
The following conditions may affect the esophagus EXCEPT:
None of the above
Many cases of acute gastritis are caused by nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), which act by inhibiting an enzyme (cyclooxygenase) that is required to synthesize prostaglandins.
True
There are two different forms of cyclooxygenase (COX). One form (COX-1) promotes the synthesis of prostaglandins that protect the gastric mucosa from the harmful effects of gastric acid. The other form (COX-2) promotes the synthesis of prostaglandins that function as mediators of inflammation.
Trued
Canker sores are a relatively common inflammatory disease that involve the oral cavity. They are most often caused by ingesting fluids that are highly acidic such as lemonade and orange juice.
False
The spread of the organism Helicobacter pylori seems to be by mouth-to-mouth contact and the fecal-to-oral route.
True
The high incidence of acute appendicitis is primarily due to the fact that the appendix is narrow.
True
More severe inflammation of the appendix may lead to rupture and peritonitis. For this reason, it is a common practice to perform an exploratory operation and remove the appendix in patients in whom appendicitis is suspected.
True
Outpouchings of the mucosa of the colon often project through weak areas in the muscular wall of the large intestine. This condition is a congenital abnormality.
False
The condition that is associated with vomiting of copious amounts of gastric and upper-intestinal secretions, resulting in the loss of large quantities of water and electrolytes is referred to as chronic enteritis.
False
Diverticulosis occurs when bits of fecal material become trapped within diverticula and incite an inflammatory reaction.
False
Symptoms of hemorrhoids can often be relieved by a high-fiber diet rich in fruits and vegetables that promotes large stools that can be passed without excessive straining.
True
Gluten enteropathy or nontropical sprue can be described as atrophy of the villi in the small intestine.
True
Repair of a cleft lip is generally deferred until the child is 1 to 2 years old.
False
Barrett's esophagus is a type of a dysplastic change of the esophageal epithelium.
False
The major extracellular anions are:
bicarbonate and chloride.
Potassium is secreted into the tubular filtrate in the distal tube and is exchanged for sodium. This process is regulated by which of the following?
Aldosterone
Which of the following statements regarding the bicarbonate-carbonic acid buffer system is correct?
The lungs regulate the carbonic acid concentration of the blood by regulating alveolar PCO2.
The normal osmolarity of blood and body fluids is 300 mOsm/L. A person with severe diabetes and a greatly elevated blood glucose has a blood osmolarity of 370 mOsm/L. Which of the following events will result from the increased osmolarity?
Water shifts by osmosis from the cells into the extracellular fluid (ECF).
A patient has severe chronic lung disease and is unable to excrete CO2 efficiently or oxygenate his blood adequately. What acid-base disturbance is likely to result from this condition?
Respiratory acidosis
In the subject described in the previous question, the acid-base disturbance is likely to be associated with which of the following features?
Elevated alveolar PCO2, low alveolar PO2, high blood bicarbonate, low blood pH
If alveolar PCO2 falls as a result of hyperventilation, which of the following events is likely to occur?
Blood PCO2 and carbonic acid both fall.
What is the major extracellular cation?
Sodium
In order for the kidney tubules to continue to secrete hydrogen ions (H+) into the tubular filtrate, mechanisms must exist that allow the secreted hydrogen ions to be taken up (buffered) by components in the tubular filtrate. One such mechanism is:
Secretion of ammonia (NH3) by tubular epithelial cells that combine with the hydrogen ions to form ammonium ions (NH4+)
Which body fluids most closely resemble each other in electrolyte composition?
Intravascular fluid and interstitial fluid
Respiratory acidosis occurs most commonly in which disease or condition?
Emphysema
Metabolic alkalosis occurs in association with many diseases and conditions. Which of the following is NOT usually associated with metabolic alkalosis?
Overproduction of ketone bodies
Which of the following is the major effect produced by an increase in the rate and depth of respiration?
Plasma PCO2 falls.
The concentration of electrolytes is commonly expressed in units that express the ability of positive and negative ions to combine with each other. What are the units of concentration that express this relationship?
Milliequivalents per liter of plasma
Which of the following statements regarding pH is NOT true?
A solution having a pH of 6 contains twice as many hydrogen ions as a pH 7 solution.
What is the main buffer in the extracellular fluid?
Bicarbonate-carbonic acid
Which of the following is the major effect produced by an increase in the rate and depth of respiration?
Plasma PCO2 falls.
The kidney possesses several regulatory mechanisms that aid in maintaining the proper pH and ionic concentration. Which of the following renal functions is not concerned with the regulation of acid-base balance?
Excretion of urea and creatinine
Which of the following diseases or conditions does NOT cause metabolic acidosis?
High blood PCO2 and carbonic acid due to inadequate pulmonary ventilation
Metabolic alkalosis occurs in association with many diseases and conditions. Which of the following is NOT usually associated with metabolic alkalosis?
Overproduction of ketone bodies
Which of the following procedures or tests is not useful for evaluating fluid, electrolyte, or acid-base balance?
Determination of plasma PO2
At pH of 7.4, the ratio of bicarbonate to carbonic acid in body fluids is __________ parts sodium bicarbonate to one part carbonic acid.
20
The acid-base disturbance in which reduction of bicarbonate is the primary abnormality is called __________.
metabolic acidosis
Excessive loss of hydrogen ions resulting from prolonged vomiting leads to metabolic alkalosis.
True
The osmotic activity exerted by a solution is related to the molecular weight of the substance dissolved in the solution.
False
In the case of a monovalent compound such as sodium chloride, the equivalent weight is the same as the molecular weight.
True
Profuse perspiration increases water loss from the body.
True
Overhydration is more common than dehydration, as in excessive ingestion of water by someone with impaired renal function.
False
Body fluids are slightly acid.
False
The alveolar PCO2 is in equilibrium with the carbon dioxide dissolved in the plasma.
True
The renal tubular epithelial cells secrete hydrogen ions into the tubular filtrate.
True
The renal tubular epithelial cells secrete ammonia into the tubular filtrate.
True
Respiratory acidosis results when the kidneys are unable to excrete carbon dioxide efficiently.
False
When the alveolar PCO2 rises, the amount of carbonic acid in the plasma also increases.
True
Metabolic acidosis occurs when the amount of acid formed within the body exceeds the body's buffering capacity.
True
Hyperventilation can cause respiratory alkalosis.
True
Metabolic alkalosis is characterized by an increase in the concentration of plasma bicarbonate relative to the concentration of carbonic acid.
True
Metabolic alkalosis is frequently associated with depletion of body potassium.
True
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