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Psych 101 Development

Key Concepts:

Terms in this set (20)

studying development
looking to improve parenting, understand who and why we are, healthy children lead to healthy adults
can study the brain as it's put to together or when it breaks (patients)
how does childhood affect adult life?
prenatal stages
germinal: first 2 weeks after conception—zygote
embryonic: 2nd to 8 weeks
fetal: 9 weeks to birth (myelination occurs here)
importance of environment from beginning of development
womb is child's first environment
thru the placenta, food and substances that mother intakes can affect the baby
teratogens
agents (drugs/viruses) that pass from mother and impair process of development
fetal alcohol syndrome
physical and cognitive abnormalities in children caused by a pregnant woman's heavy drinking
nutrition and development
certain food components are important at certain periods of time
ex: protein during gestation and after birth, iron for last trimester and early years
newborns are amazing
have poor distance vision
habituate to visual stimuli within first day/week
can mimic facial expressions within first hour
can detect their own lang/parents' voices
motor development
the emergence of the ability to execute physical action
ex: learning how to walk
motor reflexes
specific motor responses that are triggered by specific patterns of sensory stimulation
ex: stepping reflex in newborns (becomes worse as baby ages)
cognitive development
the emergence of the ability to think and understand
Jean Piaget: suggested there are four sequential stages thru which children develop, no longer considered accurate
object permanence
the awareness that things continue to exist even when not perceived—test with flipping screen and 6 month olds, they have a notion of obj permanence
theory of mind
ability to reason about what other people know or believe
language is an important component—deaf or autistic children struggle with this
temporoparietal junction—responsible for theory of mind
false belief tasks
tasks that measure whether children understand that others can believe things that are not reality (theory of mind)
ex: smarties test (3 yr old fail, 3.5 vary, 4 pass)
egocentrism
the failure to understand that the world appears differently to different observers—pre-operational stage
testing for acquisition of theory of mind
5 months—intention (objects selected)
15 months—basic understanding (objects placed under blocks)
3.5 yrs—false belief
4 yrs—theory of mind with language
5 yrs—moral judgment of other's behavior
other factors of theory of mind
executive function: positively correlated
language: positively correlated
family: children with older siblings do better
empathy
the ability to understand and share the feelings of another
emotional (affective) empathy
the ability to feel what the other person is experiencing in a particular situation, automatic
study shows bullying is neg. correlated with empathy
cognitive empathy
ability to take the perspective of others and to feel concern for others, more conscious
adolescence
the transition period from childhood to adulthood, extending from puberty to independence
peer pressure is most powerful at this time, take the most risks and make better decisions alone
family environment are predictors for successful adolescence
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