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Theories of Human Development 1-16

Terms in this set (53)

Define and recognize Freud's defense mechanisms
Freud believed that people are naturally selfish and aggressive.

He believed that culture and society are what make us behave in civilized ways.

Freud believed that people attempted to keep submerged in the unconscious, beliefs and feelings that are not socially acceptable. = defense mechanisms
what are the tri-partate divisions of the mind according to Freud
Conscious
Preconscious
Unconscious
Id
Ego
Superego
what are the mature defense mechanisms?
Altruism
Humor
Sublimation
Suppression
what are the less mature defense mechanisms?
Acting Out
Denial
Displacement
Dissociation
Identification
Intellectualization
Isolation of affect
Projection
Rationalization
Reaction Formation
Regression
Somatization
Splitting
Undoing
describe the following defense mechanisms:
1. altruism
2. humor
3. sublimination
4. suppression
1. Helping others to avoid negative emotions
2. Talking or joking about something painful or unpleasant in a way that makes self or others laugh
3. Channeling an unacceptable drive or desire into a socially acceptable format
4. Deliberately putting aside ("sweeping under the rug", "bottling it all up") unwanted feelings without becoming totally unaware of them.
describe the following defense mechanisms:
1. acting out
2. denial
3. displacement
4. dissociation
1. Avoid feelings by attention-getting, inappropriate behavior
2. Not believing personally intolerable facts about reality
3. Transfer emotions from an unacceptable to acceptable person or object.
4. Separation of function of mental processes
describe the following defense mechanisms:
1. identification
2. intellectualization
3. isolation of affect
4. projection
5. undoing
1. Imitating someone who is more powerful
2. Using higher mental functions to avoid emotions
3. Fail to experience powerful feelings even though understanding the event.
4. Attributing one's own unacceptable feelings to others
5. Erasing an unacceptable event in the past by adopting acceptable behavior in the present (superstitious behavior).
describe the following defense mechanisms:
1. rationalization
2. reaction formation
3. regression
4. somatization
5. splitting
1. Giving reasonable explanations for unacceptable feelings
2. Denying unacceptable feelings and adopting opposite attitudes
3. Appearance of childlike patterns of behavior during stressful situations.
4. Turning an unacceptable impulse or feeling into a physical symptom
5. Believing people or events are either all bad or all good because of intolerance of ambiguity
According to Erickson's psychosocial stages what is the crisis during:
1. 1st year of life
1. basic trust vs mistrust
According to Erickson's psychosocial stages what is the crisis during:
1. 2nd year of life
1. autonomy vs shame
According to Erickson's psychosocial stages what is the crisis during:
1. 3-5 y/o
1. initiative vs guilt
According to Erickson's psychosocial stages what is the crisis during:
1. 6-12
1. industry vs inferiority
According to Erickson's psychosocial stages what is the crisis during:
1. adolescence (12-19)
1. identitiy vs confusion
According to Erickson's psychosocial stages what is the crisis during:
1. early adulthood (20-25)
1. intimacy vs isolation
According to Erickson's psychosocial stages what is the crisis during:
1. middle age (26-64)
1. generativity vs stagnation
According to Erickson's psychosocial stages what is the crisis during:
1. aging years (>65)
1. integrity vs despair
Describe the following stage according to Piaget's stage theory:
1. sensori-motor stage
1. 0-2 y/o
intelligence in action: child interacts w/environment by manipulating objects
Describe the following stage according to Piaget's stage theory:
1. pre-operational
1. 2-7 y/o
thinking dominated by perception, but child becomes more & more capable of symbolic functioning; language development occurs; child still unduly influenced by own perception of environment
Describe the following stage according to Piaget's stage theory:
1. concrete operations
1. 7-12 y/o
logical reasoning can only be applied to objects that are real or can be seen
Describe the following stage according to Piaget's stage theory:
1. abstract/formal operations
1. 12 & upwards
individual can think logically about potential events or abstract ideas
define growth
increase in number and size of cells and size of the organism
define maturation
genetically programmed unfolding of the organism's physiologic capacities.
define development
the progress of a person's functioning that results from growth, maturation and interaction with the environment.
define habitutation
decline in to the repeated presentation of a stimulus. In vivo desensitization
define sensitization
augmentation of a response because of repeated stimuli
define imitative learning (modeling)
Imitative or observational learning
what is extinction?
After awhile, the association will diminish if it is not reinforced. For example, if the dog hears the bell at random times, not associated with the appearance of food, it will no longer associate the two. It will no longer salivate to the bell.
what is resistance to extinction?
Some associations are more resistant to extinction than others
-vomitous stimuli and response are an example of this. If you ever become nauseous after indulging a particular drink in excess and then never want to drink it again.
-Also, certain patterns of reinforcement create associations which are more or less resistant to extinction.
what is operant conditioning?
A behavior is emitted in anticipation of an event (reinforcer)
Positive Reinforcement
Negative Reinforcement
Punishment/Aversive Conditioning
what action increases likelihood of behavior when a stimulus is applied?
Reward (candy, movie, token) - pos. reinforcement
what action increases likelihood with stimulus taken away?
reward (no chores) - neg. reinforcement
what action decreases likelihood of behavior with a stimulus applied?
punishment (spank) - positive punishment
what action decreases likelihood of behavior when stimulus is taken away?
punishment (timeout, no allowance) - negative punishment
define the following reinforcement schedule:
1. fixed ratio
1. reinforcement is presented after a certain # of behaviors
define the following reinforcement schedule:
1. fixed interval
1. reinforcement is presented after a certain amount of time
define the following reinforcement schedule:
1. variable ratio
1. reinforcement is presented after a variable # of behaviors
define the following reinforcement schedule:
1. variable interval
1. reinforcement is presented after a variable amount of time
what are token economies?
Used in inpatient settings and other environments where intensive behavior management is needed.
Subjects earn token/fake money or some other object that can later be traded for something that they want.

-ie dollar bill for beer
how do reinforcements need to differ in younger vs older children?
young children need:
-more immediate & concrete reinforcement (w/in seconds & chance to play w/a toy)
older:
-can have delayed or token reinforcers (grades, allowance)
what are concordance rates?
Compare similarity for a trait between a person who has the trait and another person of some determined relationship to the "proband". The other person could be:
-Random person from the population
Parent
Sibling
DZ Twin
MZ Twin
give an example of how concordance rates can indicate a genetic component to a disease process
Schizophrenia:
MZ Concordance Rate= 50%
DZ Concordance Rate = 10%
Child of two parents = 40%
General Population Prevalence = .5-1.5%
These rates indicate a strong heritability for schizophrenia.
describe twin-adoption study design
A criticism of twin study is that the twins, generally, are raised in the same home and therefore, have the same environments in addition to having the same (in the case of MZ twins) genes.

These studies are prevalent and very effective at sorting out these confounding variables.
what behaviors indicate good temperament?
Activity level
increased Rhythmicity
Tendency to approach vs. Withdrew from new situations
increased Adaptability
increased Responsiveness
Intensity
increased Quality of mood
Distractibility
increased Attention Span
describe the following temperament:
1. easy child
1. 40% of children adaptable, regular and pleased
describe the following temperament:
1. difficult child
1. 10% Reacts intensely, irregular, tends to withdraw, adapts poorly
describe the following temperament:
1. slow-to-warm-up-child
1. 15% First shows mild negative response to new situation but then adapts
Describe bonding & attachment
universal, human behavior
describe the following attachment style:
1. secure
1. references parent and seeks proximity when stranger enters, may be upset upon parental departure, seeks parent upon return
describe the following attachment style:
1. insecure avoidant
1. does not reference parent or seek proximity when stranger enters, not upset at separation, no response to parental return
describe the following attachment style:
1. insecure ambivalent
1. references parent and seeks proximity when stranger enters, upset upon parental departure, difficult to console upon return
what does the secure attachment style predict for future behavior?
healthy style. About 60% of children. Correlated with good long term outcomes (educational, psychological, social, economic).
what does the insecure avoidant attachment style predict for future behavior?
unhealthy style (20%). Standoffish, doesn't care if parents come and go. A little to independent. Correlated with delinquency, educational problems.
what does the insecure ambivalent attachment style predict for future behavior?
Clingy, emotional (20%). Overly dependent. Cries and is inconsolable. Correlated with emotional problems.
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