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BIOL 1030 Mastering Biology - Chapter 26 Phylogeny

Terms in this set (31)

Prokaryotic cells are found in the domain(s) _____.
Bacteria and Archaea
In the five-kingdom system, prokaryotes are placed in the kingdom _____.
Monera
A human is classified in domain _____ and kingdom _____.
Eukarya ... Animalia
A rose bush is classified in domain _____ and kingdom _____.
Eukarya ... Plantae
In the five-kingdom system, which kingdom consists primarily of unicellular eukaryotes?
Protista
In the two-kingdom system, why were fungi classified in the kingdom Plantae?
They are sedentary.
There is(are) _____ eukaryotic domain(s).
one
Animals that possess homologous structures probably _____.
evolved from the same ancestor
By definition a clade is _____.
monophyletic
Fossil evidence indicates that some dinosaurs had feathers. If birds are indeed descended from dinosaurs, feathers are what kind of character?
shared ancestral character
Which process occurred frequently in the early history of the three domains on Earth, and makes determining phylogenetic relationships of that time difficult?
horizontal gene transfer
Which observation supports the position of eukaryotes at the convergence of the "ring of life"?
The nuclear genome of eukaryotes contains genes from archaeans and from bacteria.
Define monophyletic
...
If organisms A, B, and C belong to the same class but to different orders and if organisms D, E, and F belong to the same order but to different families, which of the following pairs of organisms would be expected to show the greatest degree of structural homology?
D and F
Which of the following taxonomic categories contains all the others listed here?
class
Class includes all categories excepts...
phylum, kingdom, and domain
Which of the following pairs are the best examples of homologous structures?
bones in the bat wing and bones in the human forelimb
The best classification system is that which most closely
reflects evolutionary history.
Systematists have used a wide variety of traits to reconstruct the phylogenies of particular groups of organisms. Which one of the following traits produces a good estimates of phylogeny?
gross morphological traits
behavioral traits
molecular traits
biochemical traits
There is some evidence that reptiles called cynodonts may have had whisker-like hairs around their mouths. If true, then what can be properly said of hair?
It is a shared derived character of the mammals, but only if cynodonts are reclassified as mammals.
When using a cladistic approach to systematics, which of the following is considered most important for classification?
shared derived characters
Which eukaryotic kingdom is polyphyletic, and therefore unacceptable, based on cladistics?
Protista
Which kingdom has been replaced with two domains?
Monera
Members of which kingdom have cell walls and are all heterotrophic?
Fungi
Which statement represents the best explanation for the observation that the nuclear DNA of wolves and domestic dogs has a very high degree of sequence homology?
Dogs and wolves shared a common ancestor very recently.
Why do researchers use rRNA in investigations of relationships between taxa that diverged hundreds of millions of years ago?
DNA coding for rRNA changes relatively slowly.
In a comparison of birds and mammals, having four limbs is
a shared ancestral character
Three living species X, Y, and Z share a common ancestor T, as do extinct species U and V. A grouping that consists of species T, X, Y, and Z (but not U or V) makes up
a paraphyletic group.
This phylogenetic tree was constructed by comparing sequences for a homologous gene involved in development. Select the correct statement.
The nucleotide sequence of this gene in a mouse is more similar to the sequence in a chicken, and both are less similar to the nucleotide sequence of this gene in a frog.
Phylogeny is the evolutionary history of related groups of organisms. Organisms are grouped into taxa based on homologous characteristics, shared traits that result from common ancestry. Which statement is true?
The term "monophyletic" refers to a taxon that includes an ancestral species and all of its descendants.
A monophyletic taxon is also known as
a clade
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