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Ch16 practice quizzes/lab quizzes/ tb questions
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Gravity
Terms in this set (117)
Alveoli are microscopic air sacs branching off the ______________.
A) tertiary bronchi
B) bronchioles
C) terminal bronchioles
D) respiratory bronchioles
D) respiratory bronchioles
The conducting zone of the respiratory system includes all of the following passages except ______________.
A) the trachea
B) alveolar ducts
C) tertiary bronchi
D) terminal bronchioles
B) alveolar ducts
The conducting zone of the respiratory system does not ______________.
A) warm the inspired air
B) exchange gases with the blood
C) clean the inspired air
D) humidify the inspired air
B) exchange gases with the blood
The space __________ is referred to as a "potential space."
A) between the parietal and visceral pleurae
B) between the parietal pleura and intercostals muscles
C) between the visceral pleura and lung
D) within the alveoli
A) between the parietal and visceral pleurae
The pressure difference across the lung wall is the ________________.
A) intrapulmonary pressure
B) transpulmonary pressure
C) intrapleural pressure
D) subatmospheric pressure
B) transpulmonary pressure
_________ states that the amount of pressure exerted by a gas in a mixture is proportional to the percentage of the gas in the mixture.
A) LaPlace's law
B) Dalton's law
C) Henry's law
D) Boyle's law
B) Dalton's law
Lung surfactant is produced by ______________.
A) type I alveolar cells
B) type II alveolar cells
C) filtration from the alveolar capillaries
D) alveolar macrophages
B) type II alveolar cells
The amount of air that is inhaled or exhaled in one breath during unforced breathing is the _______________.
A) residual volume
B) vital capacity
C) tidal volume
D) expiratory reserve volume
C) tidal volume
Forceful expiration requires the actions of the ________________.
A) scalenes
B) external intercostals and abdominal muscles
C) internal intercostals and abdominal muscles
D) parasternals
C) internal intercostals and abdominal muscles
During normal, relaxed respiration, about 500 ml of air enters and leaves the lungs with each respiratory cycle. This is called the __________________.
A) inspiratory reserve volume
B) vital capacity
C) total lung capacity
D) tidal volume
D) tidal volume
One atmosphere is defined as __________________.
A) 760 torr
B) 0 mmHg
C) 3 mmHg
D) 1 torr
A) 760 torr
The pressure of dry atmospheric gas is primarily determined by all of the following gases except ____________, which makes a comparatively negligible contribution.
A) nitrogen
B) hydrogen
C) oxygen
D) carbon dioxide
B) hydrogen
The rhythmicity center, a sort of pacemaker that sets the rhythm of automatic breathing, is located in the __________________.
A) pleurae
B) lungs
C) medulla oblongata
D) diaphragm
C) medulla oblongata
Hypoventilation tends to cause _________________.
A) a rise in blood pH
B) hypercapnia
C) a substantial increase in the P02 if of the blood
D) hypocapnia
B) hypercapnia
The Bohr effect describes the effect of _____________.
A) increased pH on the increased ability of oxygen to load onto hemoglobin
B) decreased pH decreasing the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen, enhancing unloading
C) decreased pH increasing the loading of carbon dioxide onto hemoglobin
D) increased temperature decreasing the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen
B) decreased pH decreasing the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen, enhancing unloading
When there is less oxyhemoglobin in the blood, red blood cells produce 2,3-DPG. This metabolic product ________________.
A) enhances oxygen unloading at the systemic capillaries
B) makes deoxyhemoglobin less stable
C) shifts the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve to the left
D) stimulates the production of more red blood cells
A) enhances oxygen unloading at the systemic capillaries
Two alpha chains and two gamma chains make up the protein (globin) part of _______.
A) hemoglobin A
B) hemoglobin F
C) hemoglobin S
D) methemoglobin
B) hemoglobin F
Hemoglobin S differs from hemoglobin A in that ________________.
A) glutamic acid is replaced by valine in the beta chain
B) the two beta chains are replaced by gamma chains
C) it has two heme groups instead of four
D) it consists of only a single globin chain and heme group
A) glutamic acid is replaced by valine in the beta chain
Carbon dioxide is carried in the blood in all of the following ways except as ___________.
A) a dissolved gas
B) bicarbonate ion
C) carbaminohemoglobin
D) carboxyhemoglobin
D) carboxyhemoglobin
The central chemoreceptors will increase their firing rate in direct response to increases in the level of ____________ in the CSF, resulting in _____________ ventilation.
A) acid; increased
B) acid; decreased
C) carbon dioxide; increased
D) carbon dioxide; decreased
A) acid; increased
Gas exchange between the lungs and the blood is an active transport process.
A) True
B) False
B) False
Intrapulmonary pressure must be lower than atmospheric pressure for air to enter the lungs.
A) True
B) False
A) True
Even after exhaling as forcefully as possible, one still has air in the lungs.
A) True
B) False
A) True
The surface tension exerted by water in the alveoli prevent collapse of the alveoli during exhalation.
A) True
B) False
B) False
It normally requires no muscular effort to exhale.
A) True
B) False
A) True
External respiration refers to ________________.
A) pulmonary ventilation
B) ventilation and gas exchange between the air and blood
C) ventilation, gas exchange, and oxygen utilization by the tissues
D) gas exchange between the blood and tissues and oxygen utilization by the tissues
B) ventilation and gas exchange between the air and blood
A chest wound can introduce air into the intrapleural space, a condition known as _______________.
A) intrapleural pressure
B) respiratory distress syndrome
C) pneumothorax
D) decompression sickness
C) pneumothorax
According to _________, if it were not for pulmonary surfactants, we should expect the surface tension in a small alveolus to produce greater pressure than in a large one and air would flow from the smaller alveolus to into the larger one.
A) Henry's law
B) Dalton's law
C) LaPlace's law
D) Boyle's law
C) LaPlace's law
A deficiency of lung surfactant may result in ______________.
A) respiratory distress syndrome
B) low pulmonary elasticity
C) pneumothorax
D) chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
A) respiratory distress syndrome
A restrictive lung disorder is indicated by a below normal _____________.
A) vital capacity
B) forced expiratory volume
C) residual volume
D) functional residual capacity
A) vital capacity
Any lung disease that reduces the forced expiratory volume (FEV), but does not significantly affect the vital capacity is categorized purely as a(n) ____________.
A) restrictive lung disorder
B) pulmonary fibrosis
C) chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
D) obstructive lung disorder
D) obstructive lung disorder
Which of the following is classified as a chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and is commonly known as a black lung disease?
A) asthma
B) pneumothorax
C) bronchitis
D) anthracosis
D) anthracosis
Obstruction of circulation through the lungs can put a strain on the right ventricle, which must work to pump blood against this increased resistance and can lead to failure of that chamber. This syndrome is known as ___________________.
A) anthracosis
B) chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
C) asthma
D) cor pulmonale
D) cor pulmonale
A dry mixture of gases has a total pressure of 600 mmHg and the oxygen comprises 20% of the gas mixture. The partial pressure of oxygen (P02) is therefore equal to _________.
A) 0.2 mmHg
B) 12 mmHg
C) 120 mmHg
D) 200 mmHg
C) 120 mmHg
According to Henry's law, the amount of gas that will dissolve in blood plasma or any other liquid is determined by which of these factors?
A) solubility of the gas in the liquid
B) the total pressure of the gas mixture
C) pH of the liquid
D) the osmotic pressure of the liquid
A) solubility of the gas in the liquid
Which of the following changes does not occur when a fetus is delivered and begins to breathe on its own for the first time?
A) the rate of blood flow through pulmonary circulation decreases
B) the foramen ovale closes
C) the ductus arteriosus closes
D) the resistance to blood flow through the lung decreases
A) the rate of blood flow through pulmonary circulation decreases
The bends are symptomatic of _________________.
A) nitrogen narcosis
B) decompression sickness
C) hyperbaric oxygen therapy
D) carbon dioxide accumulation
B) decompression sickness
If a person's PCO2 remains chronically high, as in emphysema, the peripheral chemoreceptors become insensitive to hypercapnia and pulmonary ventilation becomes stimulated by _________ rather than by increases in blood PCO2.
A) hypocapnia
B) acidosis
C) hypoxic drive
D) the Hering-Breuer reflex
C) hypoxic drive
The __________ makes it virtually impossible to voluntarily over-inflate the lungs.
A) apneustic center
B) Hering-Breuer reflex
C) hypercapnia
D) inspiratory neurons
B) Hering-Breuer reflex
Hemoglobin that has undergone oxidation of the iron is known as ______________.
A) carboxyhemoglobin
B) methemoglobin
C) reduced hemoglobin
D) carbaminohemoglobin
B) methemoglobin
Epinephrine can be used to treat an asthmatic attack without the danger of also overstimulating the heart.
A) True
B) False
B) False
When deoxyhemoglobin binds to oxygen, it becomes oxidized hemoglobin.
A) True
B) False
B) False
In a standing person, the alveoli located at the base of the lung are better ventilated (in liters per minute) than the alveoli found at the apex of the lung.
A) True
B) False
A) True
Fetal hemoglobin or hemoglobin F does not bind oxygen as well as adult hemoglobin, hemoglobin A.
A) True
B) False
B) False
Acidosis is a state in which the blood and tissue fluid have an acidic pH.
A) True
B) False
B) False
Which of these statements about intrapulmonary pressure and intrapleural pressure is true?
a. The intrapulmonary pressure is always subatmospheric.
b. The intrapleural pressure is always greater than the intrapulmonary pressure.
c. The intrapulmonary pressure is greater than the intrapleural pressure.
d. The intrapleural pressure equals the atmospheric pressure.
c. The intrapulmonary pressure is greater than the intrapleural pressure.
If the transpulmonary pressure equals zero,
a. a pneumothorax has probably occurred.
b. the lungs cannot inflate.
c. elastic recoil causes the lungs to collapse.
d. all of these apply.
d. all of these apply.
The maximum amount of air that can be expired after a maximum inspiration is
a. the tidal volume.
b. the forced expiratory volume.
c. the vital capacity.
d. the maximum expiratory flow rate.
c. the vital capacity.
If the blood lacked red blood cells but the lungs were functioning normally,
a. the arterial PO2 would be normal.
b. the oxygen content of arterial blood would be normal.
c. both a and b would apply.
d. neither a nor b would apply.
a. the arterial PO2 would be normal.
If a person were to dive with scuba equipment to a depth of 66 feet, which of these statements would be false?
a. The arterial PO2 would be three times normal.
b. The oxygen content of plasma would be three times normal.
c. The oxygen content of whole blood would be three times normal.
d. All of the above measurements would remain the same as at sea level.
c. The oxygen content of whole blood would be three times normal.
Which of these would be most affected by a decrease in the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen?
a. Arterial PO2
b. Arterial percent oxyhemoglobin saturation
c. Venous oxyhemoglobin saturation
d. Arterial PCO2
c. Venous oxyhemoglobin saturation
If a person with normal lung function were to hyperventilate for several seconds, there would be a significant
a. increase in the arterial PO2.
b. decrease in the arterial PCO2.
c. increase in the arterial percent oxyhemoglobin saturation.
d. decrease in the arterial pH.
d. decrease in the arterial pH.
Erythropoietin is produced by
a. the kidneys.
b. the liver.
c. the lungs.
d. the bone marrow.
a. the kidneys.
The affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen is decreased under conditions of
a. acidosis.
b. fever.
c. anemia.
d. acclimatization to a high altitude.
e. all of these.
e. all of these.
Most of the carbon dioxide in the blood is carried in the form of
a. dissolved CO2.
b. carbaminohemoglobin.
c. bicarbonate.
d. carboxyhemoglobin.
c. bicarbonate.
The bicarbonate concentration of the blood would be decreased during
a. metabolic acidosis.
b. respiratory acidosis.
c. metabolic alkalosis.
d. respiratory alkalosis.
a. metabolic acidosis.
The chemoreceptors in the medulla are directly stimulated by
a. CO2 from the blood.
b. H+ from the blood.
c. H+ in brain interstitial fluid that is derived from blood CO2.
d. decreased arterial PO2.
c. H+ in brain interstitial fluid that is derived from blood CO2.
The rhythmic control of breathing is produced by the activity of inspiratory and expiratory neurons in
a. the medulla oblongata.
b. the apneustic center of the pons.
c. the pneumotaxic center of the pons.
d. the cerebral cortex.
a. the medulla oblongata.
Which of these occur(s) during hypoxemia?
a. Increased ventilation
b. Increased production of 2,3-DPG
c. Increased production of erythropoietin
d. All of these
d. All of these
During exercise, which of these statements is true?
a. The arterial percent oxyhemoglobin saturation is decreased.
b. The venous percent oxyhemoglobin saturation is decreased.
c. The arterial PCO2 is measurably increased.
d. The arterial pH is measurably decreased.
b. The venous percent oxyhemoglobin saturation is decreased.
All of the following can bond with hemoglobin except
a. HCO−3
b. O2.
c. H+.
d. CO2.
e. NO.
a. HCO−3
Which of these statements about the partial pressure of carbon dioxide is true?
a. It is higher in the alveoli than in the pulmonary arteries.
b. It is higher in the systemic arteries than in the tissues.
c. It is higher in the systemic veins than in the systemic arteries.
d. It is higher in the pulmonary veins than in the pulmonary arteries.
c. It is higher in the systemic veins than in the systemic arteries.
The hypoxic ventilatory response occurs when low arterial PO2 stimulates the
a. aortic bodies.
b. carotid bodies.
c. central chemoreceptors.
d. all of these.
b. carotid bodies.
what are the structures involved in gas exchange in the lungs?
alveoli
how does gas exchange occur in the lungs
via simple diffusion
what are the structures of the conduction zone
trachea, primary bronchus, terminal bronchioles
what are the structures of the respiratory zone
respiratory bronchioles and alveoli
how is each lung compartmentalized by the pleural membranes?
parietal pleura; inside the thoracic wall;
visceral pleura ; surface of the lung
what is the relationship between the visceral and parietal pleurae?
intrapleural space- little air between the visceral and parietal pleura
what are the changes in the intrapulmonary and intrapleural pressures that occur during inspiration?
intrapulmonary pressure becomes lower than atmospheric pressure to cause inspiration
how does the compliance and elasticity of the lungs affect inspiration and expiration
the compliance is the ability to stretch and the elasticity is the ability to return to initial size
what is pulmonary surfactant? why is it significant?
substance that reduces surface tension ; make of phospholipids (phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylglycerol)
how is quiet expiration produced?
contraction of the diaphragm, which increases thoracic volume in a vertical direction.
how is forced inspiration produced?
contraction of accessory muscles (scalene, sternocleidomastoid)
how is forced expiration produced
contraction of abdominal muscles and internal intercostal muscles
what is tidal volume
the volume of gas inspired or expired in an unforced respiratory cycle
what it vital capacity
the maximum amount of gas that can be expired after a maximum inspiration
how is total minute volume calculated? how is this affected by exercise
tidal volume x breaths per minute ; increase as high as 100-200
how does asthma affect vital capacity and forced expiratory volume measurements
vital capacity is normal, but expiration is difficult and takes longer because bronchoconstriction increases resistance to air flow
how does pulmonary fibrosis affect vital capacity and forced expiratory volume measurements?
vital capacity is reduced to below normal ; rate at which vital capacity can be forcibly exhaled is normal
how is po2 of air calculated
21% of the atmospheric pressure
how is po2 affected by altitude, diving, and water vapor pressure?
altitude: because the atmospheric pressure will decrease
diving: because the pressure increases by one atmosphere for every 33 ft
water vapor pressure: it dilutes the contribution of other gases to the total pressure
how are blood po2 measurement taken?
a po2 electrode generates an electrical current in proportion to the concentration of dissolved oxygen has been developed
what is the significance of blood po2
provides a good index of lung function. if inspired air has normal po2 but arterial po2 is below normal the gas exchange in lungs is impaired
how does hyperventilation affect arterial po2
...
how does breathing from a tank containing 100% oxygen affect arterial po2
increase in blood po2
how does high altitude affect arterial po2
decreases
what is the ventilation/perfusion ratio of the lungs
apex: .24L /0.07L
3.4/1
.82L / 1.29 L = .6/1
how is decompression sickness produced in divers that ascend too rapidly
bubbles of nitrogen gas can form in the tissue fluids and enter the blood
what are the roles of the centers in the brain stem and cervical spinal cord in the regulation of breathing
rhythmicity center: control of automatic breathing
apneustic center: promote inspiration by stimulating inspiratory neurons
pneumotaxic center: seems to antagonize apneustic center to inhibit inspiration
phrenic motor nuclei: control the diaphragm
what are the effects of voluntary hyperventilation and breath holding on arterial pco2, pH , and oxygen content
pco2 falls, pH rises, oxygen content is not increased.
what is the negative feedback loop; and the relationship between ventilation and arterial pco2
ventilation is adjusted to maintain a constant pco2; the oxygenation of the blood occurs naturally as a side product of this reflex control.
what is the effect of increased arterial pco2 on chemoreceptors in the medulla oblongata
increased arterial pco2 on chemoreceptors causes increased ventilation
what is the effect of increased arterial pco2 on chemoreceptors in the aortic and carotid bodies
not stimulated by Pco2, but by rise in H+ ; retention of co2 during hypoventilation rapidly stimulates the peripheral chemoreceptors through lowering of blood pH
what is the role of arterial pco2 in the regulation of breathing
indirectly by influencing the chemoreceptor sensitivity to changes in pco2
why does ventilation increase when a person goes to a high altitude
the low oxygen content in the air
what are the effects of PO2 on loading and unloading reactions
deoxyhemoglobin + o2 -> oxyhemoglobin
high po2 drives the equation to the right,
low po2 drives in opposite direction to promote unloading
how do changes in pH and temperature affect oxygen transport
to ensure muscles receive more oxygen from the blood there is a faster metabolism of exercising muscle casing a lowered pH and increased temperature within the muscles
What are the ways carbon dioxide is carried by the blood
-dissolves
-carbaminohemoglobin
-bicarbonate ion
where in the body does the chloride shift occur
tissue capillaries
where in the body does a reverse chloride shift occur
pulmonary capillaries
how are carbonic acid and bicarbonate formed
(H+) + (HCO3-) ->> H2CO3
H2CO3 ->>(H+) + HCO3-
how does carbon dioxide transport influence blood pH
bicarbonate buffers the H+ that is produced by ionization of metabolic acids
what is metabolic acidosis; metabolic alkalosis
acidosis: increased production of acids
alkalosis: risei n blood pH by loss of acids
what is respiratory acidosis; alkalosis
acidosis: increased co2 retention accumulation of carbonic acid
alkalosis:rise in blood pH due to loss of co2 and carbonic acid
what are the roles of the lungs and kidneys in maintaining the acid base balance of the blood
the lungs regulate the carbon dioxide concentration of the blood and the kidneys regulate the bicarbonate concentration
what are the functions of bicarbonate and carbonic acid in blood
bicarbonate: buffers H+ to keep it from being volatile
carbonic acid: without carbonic acid pH of blood increases
what are the effects of hyperventilation and hypoventilation on the blood pH
hyper: raises
hypo:lowers
why would a person with ketoacidosis hyperventilate?
rate of ventilation is greater than rate of CO2 production
oxygen and Co2 exchange takes place between blood and ai in the lungs across the walls of
the alveoli
at the alveoli the diffusion of gases between the air and blood is facilitated by:
A. thin exchange barrier that allows a short distance between the air and the blood
B. the large surface area provided by the alveoli
C. deoxygenated blood in the pulmonary arteries
D.all the above
D.all the above
when a fluid travels against the force of gravity the pressure..
decreases
blood flow to a group of alveoli will decrease if the level of oxygen in alveoli ___
decreases
pulmonary capillaries close if the arterial blood pressure:
decreases
when a person lies down the surface area for gas exchange
increases
what is the anatomical dead space
the volume of air trapped in the airways
The air in the anatomical dead space:
normally remains constant; not available for gas exchange; first to leave when you exhale
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