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Reproduction and Development- Sanders

Terms in this set (90)

primary sex organs

testes in males
ovaries in females

accessory reproductive organs

ducts, glands, and external genitalia

androgens (males)
estrogens and progesterone (females)

spermatogenic cells

produce androgens, such as testosterone

cutting and ligating the vas deferens; sperm cannot enter the urethra, so they accumulate and are phagocytosed

viscous alkaline fluid containing fructose, ascorbic acid, coagulating enzyme (vesiculase), prostaglandins, and fibrinogen

hormone that enhances sperm motility

antibiotic chemical that destroys certain bacteria

look alike and carry genes for the same traits, expressions of these traits may vary

2n
46 chromosomes
23 pairs

n
23 chromosomes

spermatogenesis

sperm formation

final stage of spermatogenesis
compaction of DNA
mature sperm has a head, midpiece and a tail

Sustenocytes or Sertoli Cells

-cells that extend from the basal lamina to the lumen of the tubule that surrounds developing cells
-tight junctions form a blood-testes barrier
-prevents sperm antigens from escaping through the basal lamina into the blood

an immature egg

follicle cells- one cell layer thick
granulosa cells- more than one layer present

cells around the oocyte

ejection of oocyte from ripening follicle

ruptured follicle after ovulation

portion of the broad ligament that supports the uterus laterally

incomplete, outer serous layer of the uterine wall

bulky, middle layer of uterine wall composed of smooth muscle
contracts during childbirth to expel baby from mother's body

mucosal lining of the uterus
site of embryonic implantation

stratum functionalis

undergoes cyclic changes in response to ovarian hormones
is shed during menstruation

stratum basalis

forms a new functionalis after menstruation ends
does not respond to ovarian hormones

mucosa near the vaginal orifice forms an incomplete partition called

greater vestibular gland (Bartholin's gland)

pea-size glands flanking the vagina
homologous to the bulbourethral glands
keep the vestibule moist and lubricated

-homologous to the penis
-erectile tissue hooded by the prepuce
-the exposed portion is called the glans
-crura and vestibular bulbs are erectile tissue corpora cavernosa

pigmented skin surrounding the nipple

BRCA1 and BRCA2

10% of breast cancer is due to hereditary defects, including mutations to the genes ____

production of female sex cells by meiosis

loss of follicles in oocytes

monthly series of events associated with the maturation of an egg

follicular phase

days 1-14
period of follicle growth

days 14-28
period of corpus luteum activity

occurs when the ovary wall ruptures and the secondary oocyte is expelled, surrounded by corona radiata

twinge of pain felt by some women when ovulation occurs

corpus albicans

scar left when corpus luteum degenerates if pregnancy does not occur

functional amernorrhea

cessation of menstruation

painful menstruation

gene on the Y chromosome initiates testes development and maleness

testes fail to descend into scrotum

events that occur from time of fertilization until infant is born

developing offspring

gestation period

period of time from date of last menstrual period until birth (about 280 days)

conceptus from fertilization through week 8

conceptus from week 9 through birth

acrosomal reaction

acrosomal enzymes (hylauronidase, acrosin) are released and digest away the zona pellucida

entry of several sperm into the oocyte- leading to too much genetic material and death

oocyte membrane block

oocyte membrane sheds extra sperm-binding receptors in budding vesicles that may act as decoys

cortical (zona) reaction

calcium surges into the oocyte cytoplasm following sperm entry trigger exocytosis of zonal inhibiting proteins (ZIPs), destroying sperm receptors on the zona pellucida, zona pellucida hardens

the fusion of two different gametes to form a zygote

a series of cell divisions that subdivides the cytoplasm of the zygote

individual cell produced by cleavage

totipotent cells

stem cells that can give rise to any cell type in the embryonic body, plus extraembryonic cell

solid ball of 16 or more cells, resembles a mulberry. Occurs about 72 hours after fertilization

hollow ball composed of about 100 blastomeres. Occurs by day 4-5 after fertilization

inner, fluid-filled cavity of blastocyst

flattened, outer layer of cells

inner cell mass

cluster of 20-30 cells at one end of the blastocyst
-becomes the embryo

pluripotent cells

can become any body cell type, but not extraembryonic cell types

during implantation, the inner cell mass forms a flattened, almost circular bi-layer of cells

helps to form the placenta, and encloses embryonic body and all other membranes

contains amniotic fluid

forms part of the gut (digestive tube)
-source of earliest blood cells and blood vessels

is the structural base for the umbilical cord, later becomes bladder

a temporary, pancake-shaped organ that originates from both embryonic and maternal tissues

decidua basalis

portion of endometrium below embryo

decidua capsularis

portion of endometrium facing uterine cavity

process by which two-layered embryonic disc becomes three-layered

the formation of body organs and organ systems

-rod extending cranially
-defines body axis
-gives embryo rigidity
-serves as the basis fro the development of the axial skeleton
-eventually degenerates as bodies of vertebrae form

migrate medially, gather around notochord/neural tube, and produce vertebrae and ribs

help form dermis in dorsal body

forms skeletal muscle

gives rise to cranial, spinal, and sympathetic ganglia

bypasses the liver sinusoids

some blood flows directly from the right atrium to the left atrium

ductus arteriosus

some blood exiting the right ventricle in the pulmonary artery flows directly into aorta

fetal cells obtained for genetic testing for Down's syndrome
dangerous for mom and baby

Chadwick's sign

vagina develops purplish color (increased blood flow) at 6-8 weeks

observation based on five signs
-heart rate
-respiration
-color
-muscle tone
-reflexes
given a score of 0-2 and scores are summed

yellowish fluid secreted by mammary glands during initial delay in milk production

-decrease viscosity of mucus in the cervix
-stimulate reverse peristalsis in the uterus
-facilitate the movement of sperm through the female reproductive tract

sustentacular cells

-deliver nutrients to dividing cells
-move them along to the lumen
-secrete testicular fluid that provides the transport medium for sperm
-dispose of excess cytoplasm sloughed off during maturation to sperm
-produce chemical mediators that help regulate spermatogenesis

stimulates sustenocyte release of androgen-binding protein (ABP), which keeps testosterone concentration high in vicinity of spermatogenic cells

binds to interstitial endocrine cells and stimulates testosterone secretion

released from sustenocytes in presence of high sperm count and inhibits anterior pituitary and hypothalamus

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