Upgrade to remove ads
Only $2.99/month

Bio Chapter 13

Terms in this set (40)

How does RNA differ from DNA?
Sugar=ribose, single-stranded, base is uracil
Which nucleic acid carries information from DNA to other parts of the cell?
Messenger RNA
Which nucleic acid forms an important part of both subunits of ribosome?
ribosomal RNA
Which nucleic acid carries amino acids to the ribosome and matches them to the coded mRNA message?
tRNA (transfer)
In ___________________, segments of DNA serve as templates to produce complementary RNA molecules
transcription
_______________: enzyme that links together the growing chain of RNA nucleotides during transcription using a DNA strand as a template
RNA polymerase
________________ are signals in the DNA molecule that show RNA polymerase exactly where to begin making RNA.
Promoters
"First draft" of final mRNA that requires "editing"
pre-mRNA
Portions of pre-mRNA that are cut out and discarded
introns
Remaining pieces of pre-mRNA that are spliced back together to form final mRNA.
exons
Proteins are made by joining amino acids together into long chains called __________________
polypeptides
The ____________ is read three "letters" at a time, so that each "word" is three bases long and corresponds to a single amino acid.
genetic code
Each three-letter "word" in mRNA is known as a ____________ and consists of three consecutive bases that specify a single amino acid to be added to the polypeptide chain.
codon
the methionine codon AUG serves as the initiation, or _________ codon for protein synthesis
"start"
mRNA is read, three bases at a time, until it reaches one of three different __________ codons, which end translation.
"stop"
________________ use the sequence of codons in mRNA to assemble amino acids into polypeptide chains.
Ribosomes
The decoding of an mRNA message into a protein is a process known as ___________.
translation
Each tRNA molecule carries just one kind of amino acid. In addition, each tRNA molecule has three unpaired bases, collectively called ____________. Each of them is complementary to one mRNA codon.
anticodon
The central dogma of molecular biology is that _________________ from DNA to RNA to protein.
information is transferred
__________________: the way in which DNA, RNA, and proteins are involved in putting genetic information into action in living cells.
Gene Expression
______________ are heritable changes in genetic information.
Mutations
The two types of mutation are:
gene mutations and chromosomal mutations
Gene mutations that involve changes in one or a few nucleotides are known as _______________ because they occur at a single point in the DNA sequence.
point mutations
There are three types of point mutations are:
substitutions, insertions, and deletions
__________________ - one base changed to a different base.
Substitution
____________ and ____________ - one base is inserted or deleted from the DNA sequence.
Insertions; deletions
Insertions and deletions are also called ____________ because they shift the "reading frame" of the genetic message.
frameshift mutations
Some mutations arise from ____________, chemical or physical agents in the environment.
mutagens
There are four types of chromosomal mutations. They are:
deletion, duplication, inversion, and translocation
________________ involve changes in number or structure of chromosomes.
Chromosomal mutations
The condition in which an organism has extra sets of chromosomes is called _______________.
polyploidy
An ________________ is a group of genes that are regulated together.
operon
The _____________ is where a DNA-binding protein known as the lac repressor can bind to DNA.
operator
By binding DNA sequences in the regulatory regions of eukaryotic genes, ______________ control the expression of those genes.
transcription factors
Blocking gene expression by means of an miRNA silencing complex is known as _______________
RNA interference
Gene regulation helps cells undergo _______________, becoming specialized in structure and function.
differentiation
__________________ are like switches that trigger particular patterns of development and differentiation in cells and tissues.
Master control genes
A set of master control genes, known as __________, regulates organs that develop in specific parts of the body.
homeotic genes
_________________ code for transcription factors that activate other genes that are important in cell development and differentiation.
Homebox genes
In files, a group of homeobox genes known as ____________ are located side by side in a single cluster. They determine the identities of each segment of a fly's body.
Hox genes.
THIS SET IS OFTEN IN FOLDERS WITH...