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Human development final review

Terms in this set (75)

What are the four markers or characteristics of emerging adulthood?
-Transition into college

-Cognitive development

-Vocational development

-Building relationship: intimacy
What are the development tasks of early adulthoods
-Intimacy vs. isolation

-Friendship

-Love: Autonomy and connection


Create the life you want to live.
-FAMILY LIFE CYCLE
•1. Establishing the marriage
•2. New parenthood
•3. Child-rearing family
Describe emerging adulthood/the transition to early adulthood
Instability, development is cumulative, time of tremendous change, paths are more variable, self directed, still socially constrained, organized by task not by age, focus on self and own values, resilience resources, identity exploration: education, work, love.
What contributes to cognitive development in early adulthood?
-Consolidate formal operational thinking.
•More knowledge.

-More realistic and pragmatic.
•Risky behavior decreases.

-More reflective and relativistic.
•From absolutist, dualistic thinking.
•To complex changing knowledge.
What cognitive changes occur?
Consolidate formal operational thinking: abstractly think and risky behavior decreases.
What are the improvements described in Perry's theory of "epistemic thought"?
Epistemic cognition: reflect on knowing how we arrive at facts, beliefs, ideas
From dualistic to relativistic thinking: more practical, integrated, and complex
Pragmatic: knowledge as a tool for action
Greater cognitive-affective complexity
Why is work important?
growth, given responsibilities, experiences, questioning, exploration, wide range of possibilities
What are the steps or stages in vocational decision-making?
VOCATIONAL CHOICE: Process of finding an optimal fit between one's self-concept or personality & occupational opportunities. •Questioning
•Exploring
•Experiencing
•A wide range of possibilities

1. Fantasy Stage: wishes and whims, status, fun and excitement, familiarity

2. Tentative Stage (11-16): interests, capacities, values

3. Realistic Stage(16 and older):
-A.Realities of a job market
•Historical moment
•Group membership
•Disadvantaged youth
•Minority youth

-B. Requirements of occupational qualification
•Educational attainment
•Skills
•Credentials
.Define purpose. Why is purpose important?
Meaning: making world a better place

Purpose: Gives you value and self worth
What is "flow"? How is flow related to well-being?
Passion is "flow" which is connected to persistence which is taking all opportunities and exploring all pathways
Why are friendships and romantic relationships important?
Positive habits of mind
•"Love maps": Communication & interest
•Day-to-day: Fondness & admiration
•Turn towards: attention, responiveness
Name three factors that influence attraction.
-Familiarity (proximity)

-similarity (compatibility)

-status characteristics
Name the adult attachment styles, the relationship behavior associated with each and how they are influenced by childhood attachment.
Types of attachment:
1. Secure:
2. Insecure-Avoidant
3. Insecure-Resistant
4. Insecure-Disorganized
Sternberg's triangular/triangular theory of love.
passion: sexual attraction

Intimacy: Closeness

Commitment: Investment
For single adults, what is important for well-being?
Physical well-being.

Economic well-being.

Social well-being.

Development and activity.

Emotional well-being.

Psychological well-being.

Life satisfaction.

Domain specific satisfaction.
What are some possible benefits to ending a relationship?
Learning and development

More time for self, friends, family

Financial freedom
Describe the family life cycle. What are its phases, and what's going on during each?
-Establish the marriage
Significant life transition
Dips in marital satisfaction
Honeymoon effect is over
Seven-year itch

-Predictors of long-term satisfaction
Start out happy and more mature
Establish communication and problem solving
Maintain sources of enjoyment and fun
What are some common variations of the family life style?
Leaving home, finishing school, economic self-sufficiency, early leaving, establishing a marriage
What are common styles of grandparenting?
Distant: emotional and geographical
Formal: proper and prescribed
Fun-seeking: companionate, common
Involved: parent-like role
How do people's family relationships change during middle adulthood?
More independent, self-sufficient, take responsibility for decisions, close ties to parents (re-negotiated)
How do gender-roles develop over the course of the family life-cycle?
-Early adulthood
• More tolerant of self & others

-Parenting years
• More stereotyped behavior
• "Parental imperative
When do declines in marital satisfaction occur? When is the biggest one?
When you have children/first child
When does marital satisfaction typically increase?
Empty nest- When grown children leave home.
According to John Gottman, what are the 4 relationship-DON'T's?
. Criticism: problem in relationship blamed on character defect of partner.

2. Defensiveness: ward off attack, counterattack.
-Effective Couples:
•Problem-solving.
•Openness, interest, accept responsibility.

3. Contempt: derision, inferiority.

4. Stonewalling: silence, disengagement
How can couples follow Gottman's three relationship "do"s?
-Building intimacy and friendship

-Manage conflict

-Build toward the future
How is new parenthood best described?
Joyful, stressful, marital satisfaction declines more in women than men
What factors affect a couple's adjustment to new parenthood?
Baby: temperament, special needs
Parents: relationship, readiness, skills
Resources: finances, extended family
What happens to marital satisfaction?
-"honeymoon affect is over"

-seven year itch
what is the main development task of middle adulthood
Generativity vs. Stagnation
What happens to middle adults' perception of time as they age?
-Mid life crisis vs midlife consciousness

--Shift to years left to live
what is the contemporary life events approach
Approach emphasizing that how a life event influences the individual's development depends not only on the life event, but also on mediating factors, the individuals adaption to the life event, the life stage context, & the sociohistorical context
How has intelligence been studied?
-Cross sectional vs longitudinal studies
-Sequential studies have good evidence
How does intelligence change with age?
Terminal drop: decreases in intellectual abilities right before death
What is expertise & why is it important?
-Knowledge base rich, well-organized
-Use to learn, remember, solve problems
What is the role of everyday problem-solving in career competence?
-Middle age better than young adults
-Accomplish enormous amounts of work
How does age-ism show up at work and what does the research show?
-Stereotypes: old, inflexible, unproductive
-Discrimination: passed over for promotions, not hired, make less $
-Research: as or more productive, innovative, more reliable, miss less work, stick with company long
What is creativity? What are the steps in the creative process?
Divergent thinking: generate innovative solutions that work, original and functional
Creative process:
1. Preparation: find a problem (independent thinking)

2. Incubation: study and learn ( passive and active; receptive; open to new ideas)

3. Illumination: insights and visions (intuitive unconscious processes)

4. Revision: try out and revise (follow ideas wherever they lead)
How does creativity change with age? How do we promote creativity?
-Increases in 20s and 30s
-Peaks for different domains at different ages
-math early and humanities late
-Decines in old age
What are psychometric techniques?
Measuring personality and measuring mind
What is the Big Five Inventory? What are its five factors?
1. Neuroticism vs emotional stability

2. Extroversion vs introversion

3. Openness to new experience vs preference for sameness

4. Agreeableness vs. suspicion

5. Conscientiousness vs undisciplined
How does personality develop over time?
-Adolescence to middle age: less extraverted (social vitality), neurotic, open to new experiences and more: extraverted (social dominance), agreeable, conscientious

-Middle to old age: fewer systematic age changes, less social vitality, less open to new experiences
How do we explain the stability that we see in personality over time?
1. Genetics, temperament, genetic physiological influences, long lasting effects of childhood experiences (attachment), identity achieved, so satisfied (internal motivation to be stable)

2. Maybe people actively create stability: gene-environment correlations; people seek out experiences that fit with their personalities, experiences maintain personality

3. Changes are not age-graded: development is a result of dealing with challenging life events
how does the traditional view of personality differ from the active stability view?
Traditional view: Personality is stable possibly
-Genetic physiological influences
-long lasting effects of childhood experiences
-identity achieved, so satisfied

Active stability view:
-"Gene-environment correlations"
-people seek out experiences that fit with their personality
-experiences maintain personality
What is the developmental task of late-adulthood?
INTEGRITY vs. DESPAIR
•Bio-Psycho-Social Process•
Societal and Historical Context
•Transcendence
What are the age-norms in aging stereotypes?
Norms: society's expectations about what people should and should not do at diff points in the lifespan
Loss, defiance, wisdom
What is Activity theory?
mental, physical, social activity
what is Continuity Theory
maintain familiar personal system
Socio-Emotional selective theory
investment in relationships
Selective optimization with compensation: goals optimized, accepting help from others and compensation, strategies
Developmental Self-Regulation Theory
strength: 1.primary control, selection, compensation, help, courage, determination 2. Serenity: accommodation, focus on what brings you joy, acceptance, gratitude, endurance 3. Wisdom: to know the difference
How can age-related declines be slowed?
4. Developmental self-regulation- Strength: Primary control• Selection, compensation, help• Courage, determination- Serenity: Accommodation• Focus on what brings you joy• Acceptance, gratitude, endurance- Wisdom: To know the difference
What is the role of "life review" in later adulthood?
...
How do personal life investments change across adulthood?
...
How does memory change in late adulthood?
Declines in deliberate and explicit memory
Decline less in automatic and implicit memory
What are and are not causes of memory decline?
1. Overcome stereotypes: selective attention and over-generalization of real deficits
2. Use it or lose it: physical and mental activity
What are pathological declines in brain function and how can they be treated?

1. Symptoms: impaired memory, judgement, orientation, mood swings, interference with daily functioning

2. Acute vs chronic brain dysfunction: temporary or not treatable

3. Treatment: medical conditions correctly treated, medications not interacting, good nutrition, physical and mental activity, low stress, and high social contact
Define "terminal drop" or "terminal decline."
Right before death intelligence goes down and declines rapidly
What are pathological declines in cognition and how can they be treated?
Depression and general mental health
Define the stages of post-formal operations. Why is it important?
•INTEGRAL
Complexity, depth
•Reasoning, understanding
•Thought, action
•THINKING BECOMES•a. Relativistic: knowledge depends on the perspective of the knower.
•b. Dialectical: deal with contradictory viewpoints and essential paradox.
•c. Systematic: think about entire systems of knowledge or idea
What do you get?
•Integration of•Cognition AND Affect, Motivation•Mind AND Action in the real world•
•Diverse contradictory viewpoints
•Uncertain scary world•Act in concert with mind & heart
Not everyone gets there.
•What promotes development?
•Shift occurs:
•Personal factors: openness.
•Societal factors: diversity.
•Cross-cultural: pluralism
How has wisdom been studied and what promotes it?
Wisdom has been studied by measuring it by age trends and what shapes it is promoted life experiences and a combination of: personality: openness to new experiences, face and overcome adversity, and creativity, generativity, and compassion
What are the last two stages of moral development and what are their challenges?
Wisdom and Spiritual Development
What is the key task of spiritual development?
Creating and living a life consistent with: deep values and priorities, universalizing principles, your own version of ultimate reality
What are the general trends in cognitive wisdom, moral, and spiritual development?
Contrast the life-span view of development with the traditional view in regard to growth in aging
What is the difference between life-expectancy and lifespan?
LE: average number of years a newborn is expected to live

LS: Max number of years any member of a species have lived
What is the maximum life expectancy? What factors predict it?
78.6 years

Factors: nutrition, poverty, medical care, sanitation, childbirth procedures, public health
What causes aging & death?
Primary aging: Programmed theories: genes, cellular clock, face radical theory, mitochondrial theory, hormonal stress theory, genes turn on aging (life span)

Secondary aging: damage theories: environment, accumulation of damage, as we age we damage more easily repair slowly (life expectancy)
What evidence is there for programmed theories and damage theories?
Pre: max life span

Damage: physical: diet exercise substance abuse and psychological: stress, activity, and outlook
What are the stages of dying? What are some criticisms and alternative views of those stages?
1. Denial and isolation
2. Anger
3. Bargaining
4. Depression
5. Acceptance

Critiques: not sequential stages, more complex emotionally, depends on illness process, individual and social influence
What is bereavement? What are the stages of bereavement?
When a parent passes away

1. Expression of grief
2. Duration of mourning
3. Continuing relationship with the dead
What kinds of variability do we see in bereavement?
Western culture: final, irreversible, universal, caused by internal processes

Other cultures: see as positive, wisdom, "good death", "hard death"
Differ in expression of grief, duration of mourning, and continuing relationship with dead
How do conceptions of death change with age? (infancy, childhood, adolescence)?
Infancy: not aware of dying, momentary distress, developmental task: attachment trust, pain and suffering

Childhood: more aware of dying, distress indirect, few coping strategies, developmental task: attachment/abandonment and self-regulation/opposition

Middle Childhood: can talk about it more directly, express distress more directly, pragmatic coping strategies, developmental task: peer relationship/rejection and social comparisons/competencies

Adolescence:understand all the implications, distress over lost possibilities, many coping strategies, developmental task/issues: autonomy/dependency on parents and body image/appearance and identity/future lost
What are some ways development influence bereavement?
...
How can we help people who are dying or grieving?
1. Not easy, patience
2. Remain engaged and flexible
3. Respect individuality
4. Take some of the load off
Prolonged grief get professional help
Definition of development
multiple meaning- no single definition
World view assumptions(1)
-HUMAN NATURE•
Inherently good or bad
•"Blank Slate"
•Predisposed to both
World view assumptions(2)
Nature:
hereditary
genes
Maturation
Physiology
Biology

NURTURE:
Environment
Experience
Learning
socity
World view assumptions(3)
Passive
how much is our development shaped by forces outside of your control

Active
how big a role do we play in our own development
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