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zoonotic disease part 2

Terms in this set (93)

viral zoonoses (3)
Contagious Ecthyma
Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis
Acute Viral Encephalitis
contagious ecthyma abrev
orf
contagious ecthyma agent (3)
DNA virus
Parapoxvirus
Hardy; persist on hair and skin of animals
contagious exthyma reservoirs
domestic and wild ugulates(hoofed mammal)
contagious exthyma occurance (3)
Incidence uncommon BUT worldwide, esp. where sheep and goats raised
Human cases - New Zealand
Occupational dz
contagious ecthyma transmission (4)
direct
indirect
Prep and administration of crude live vaccine
Ewes that nurse infected lambs - teat and udder infxns
direct contagious exthyma transmission
lesions and/or MM infected animals
indirect contagious ecthyma transmission (2)
knives, shears
orf signs animals (6)
Pustules skin, eyelids, ears, lips, and nostrils
Lesions
orf lesions animals
- painful and can interfere with feeding
orf dx animals
clinical signs
orf tx animals (2)
Supportive therapy
Abx only if secondary bacterial infection
orf animals px (3)
Morbidity (incidence) is high
Mortality (death) is low
Secondary bacterial infxn or maggots
orf humans signs and symptoms
Large pustular region at site of virus entry
Large pustular region at site of virus entry
orf signs (5)
Usually on hands, arms, or face
Very painful; eventually oozes
Secondary bacterial infxn
Most cases resolve in 2-4 weeks
Can spread to eyes
orf humans dx
physical exam and patient hx
orf humans tx (3)
No specific Tx of virus
Supportive therapy; Abx to treat bacterial infxns
prevention of orf (3)
Good personal hygiene
Good animal husbandry practices
Crude live vaccine for lambs
reporting of orf
not required
lyphocytic choriomeningitis abbreviation
lcm
lcm agent (2)
Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus
LCMV
lcm reservoir
wild house mice
lcm occurance (5)
Europe, Americas, Australia, Japan
Under-reported making hard to determine incidence rates or prevalence by geographical regions
lcm transmission (4)
Shed virus for duration of life while remaining sub-clinical
Other rodents, esp hamsters, not natural reservoir BUT can become infected
Humans contract more from wild mice than pet rodents
lcm mst common route
utero
lcm transmission location
Virus found in saliva, urine, and feces of infected wild mice
lcm signs in mice
Naturally infected mice show no clinical signs
lcm signs of mice infected in utero
animals are often runted
Adults - acute immune-mediated dz
lcm signs of hamsters (3)
Weight loss, tremors, seizures
lcm diagnosis aanimals (3)
Serology
PCR (polymerase chain reaction)
lcm tx animals (3)
Supportive therapy in the case of a pet rodent
High mortality
lcm humas onset (4)
8-13 days after exposure
biphasic febrile illness
myelitis
myocarditis
lcm initial phase in humans (3)
Fever, malaise, lack of appetite, muscle aches, headache, nausea, vomiting
Less frequently - sore throat, cough, joint pain, testicular pain, salivary gland pain
lcm secondary phase (2)
Following a few days of recovery - symptoms of meningitis; characteristics of encephalitis - inflammation of brain
Hydrocephalus
myelitis
spinal chord inflammation
myocarditis
heart muscle inflammation
lcm dx ifirst phase humans(3)
leukopenia; thrombocytopenia; liver enzymes elevated
leukopenia
decrease WBC
thrombocytopenia
decreased platelets
lcm dx second phase humans (2)
leukocytosis; decrease in glucose levels in cerebrospinal fluid (spinal tap)
leukocytosis
increased WBC
lcm in humans tx (3)
Hospitalization and supportive therapy based on severity
Anti-inflammatory drugs- steroids
Anti-viral drugs
lcm mortality in human
less than 1%
lcm prevention (2)
Avoid contact with wild mice
Take precautions handling pet rodents
acute viral encephalitis
rabies
rabies agent (2)
RNA virus
Lyssavirus
rabies reservoir (6)
Dogs, fox, coyotes, skunks, raccoons, bats
rabies occurence humans (2)
Worldwide in humans
40-70K deaths/year mostly in developing countries
rabies transmission (2)
2 cycles
abundant in saliva-bites
can be aerosolized-bat caves
two cycles of rabies
urban
sylvatic
urban cycle of rabies (2)
transmitted by dogs; accounts for most human cases
sylvatic urvan cycle
circulates among wild carnivores and bats; causes spillover infections of dogs, cats, livestock
rabies in saliba
most caused by bit
aeorolzed rabies
bat aves
rabies disease in animals
2 forms: furious and paryltic
rabies furious type of animal (3)
dogs cats wild mammal
furious stage (2)
Agitated, restless, excitable in early stage
Aggressive phase follows - bites others and self
how furious stage in rabies looks
Profuse salivation; bark turns to a hoarse growl
Convulsions and paralysis occur before death
paryltic rabies anima
vttle
paraltyic stage rabies (3)
Initially muscles of head and neck affected
Difficulty swallowing
Paralysis spreads to extremities - generalizes - death follows
rabies diagnosis (2)
Behavioral changes; history
Immunofluorescence on brain tissue
rabies treatment
euthanasia
rabies incubation period in humans
variable - onset 3-8 weeks after exposure up to years later
rabies death in humans
Death from resp failure 2-8 days after onset
rabies in humans signs and symptoms (6)
Discomfort and irritation in area of bites
Sensory changes, apprehension, headaches, low grade fever; lethargy
Salivation increases
Eyes and ear becomes super sensitive
Paralysis -
Convulsions and other mental disturbances are terminal events
paralysis in humans with rabies
not wanting to drin or swallow water
rabies diagnosis in humans (2)
Presumptive Dx - immunofluorescence of skins sections from back and neck
Post-mortem exam and testing of brain tissue
rabies treatment in humans (3)
Almost always fatal!
Once clinical disease has developed there is not effective Tx options
Supportive therapy
rabies prevention in animals (2)
Pre-exposure vaccine
Rabies laws are state and county contingent
rabies prevention in human (2)
Pre-exposure vaccine
Post-exposure vaccine
reporting rbies
MUST REPORT TO COUNTY HEALTH OFFICE
Parasitic Zoonosis
Toxoplasmosis
toxoplasmosis agent (2)
Toxoplasmosis gondii
obligate intra-cellular sporozoan parasite
toxo reservoir
Domestic cats only known definitive host
Sheep, goats, swine, cattle, and chickens - intermediate hosts that carry infective stage encysted in muscle tissue
toxo occurance (4)
Worldwide
Up to 70% human adults seropositive
60% of domestic cats in some countries are seropositive
Livestock - depends on # cats in pasture
toxo transmission (3)
After primary infection - cat sheds oocysts in feces for 1-2 weeks
Oocysts become infective 1-5 days after being passed; can survive in soil for about 1 year
Other animals become infected when consume infected soil or contaminated material
toxo humans prmary infection/transmission (2)
eating raw/undercooked meats (esp pork or mutton); fecal-oral route
toxo humans congenital infection/transmission (3)
- transplacental; primary infection during pregnancy; parasite infects fetus; highest risk of contraction 1st and 2nd trimesters
toxi signs in animals
Subliclinical w/little morbidity or mortality in most
toxo sign in sheep
abortion; congenital dz that results in fetal mortality
tox in cats/kittens
subclinical BUT kittens - diarrhea, hepatitis, pneumonia
toxo diagnosis (2)
Fecal floats
Serological tests for some species (cats)
Tx
toxo tx (3)
None if subclinical
Supportive therapy for kittens
Abx (esp sulfur drugs) to inhibit repro
signs of toxi in immunocompetaten adults
asymptomatic; sometimes mono-nucleosis type illness
Oocysts can stay in muscle tissue- reactivate if become compromised
toxo cerebral humans (2)
AIDS patients; 10% die
toxo congetical 1st trimester (2)
17% fetuses become infected; 80% severe
toxo 2nd trimester (2)
25% fetuses become infected; 30% severe; abortion or premature birth
toxo 3rd trimester (7)
fewer cases; CNS and eye infections/deformities; encephalitis; hydrocephalus; blindness; mental retardation; seizures
toxo humans dx (2)
Clinical signs/history of exposure
Serology tests
toxo treatment humans (3)
None for healthy people
Pregnant woman with primary infections - special drug to prevent fetal infection
prevention of toxo in pregnant
Pregnant woman and immunocompromised - serology done to see if they have a titer against Toxo - if not, avoid handling cat feces, eating undercooked or raw meat
toxo tx in infants/immunocompromised
Infants/immunocompromised - folic acid plus anti-toxoplasmal drugs
prevention of toxo (3)
Wash hands after cleaning litter boxes
Non-reportable
No vaccine for humans or animals
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