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AP Human Geography - Chapter 8 Political Geography

Key Concepts:

Terms in this set (67)

political geography
subdivision of human geography focused on the nature and implications of the evolving spatial organization of political governance and formal political practice on the Earth's surface. It is concerned with why political spaces affects social, political, economic, and environmental understandings and practices
state
a politically organized territory that is administered by a sovereign government and is recognized by a significant portion of the international community. It has a defined territory, a permanent population, a government, and is recognized by other states
territory
Area of land controlled by a nation.
territoriality
a country's or more local community's sense of property and attachment toward its territory, as expressed by its determination to keep it inviolable and strongly defended
sovereignty
a principle of international relations that holds that final authority over social, economic, and political matters should rest with the legitimate rulers of independent states
territorial integrity
the right of a sate to defend sovereign territory against incursion from other states
mercantilism
In a general sense, associated with the promotion of commercialism and trade. More specifically, a protectionist policy of European states during the the sixteenth and eighteenth centuries that promoted a states's economic position in the contest with other countries
Peace of Westphalia
Peace negotiated in 1648 to end the Thirty Year's War, Europe's most destructive internal struggle over religion. The treaties contained new language recognizing statehood and nationhood, clearly defined borders, and guarantees of security
nation
legally, a term encompassing all the citizens of a sate. MOst definitions now tend to refer to a tightly knit group of people possessing bonds of language, ethnicity, religion, and other shared cultural attributes.
nation-state
Theoretically, a recognized member of the modern sate system possessing formal sovereignty and occupied by a people who see themselves as a single, united nation. Most nations and states aspire to this form, but it is realized almost nowhere
democracy
government based on the principle that the people are the ultimate sovereign and have the final say over what happens within the state
multinational state
state with more than one nation within its borders
multistate nation
nation that stretches across borders and across states
stateless nation
nation that does not have a state
colonialism
rule by an autonomous power over a subordinate and alien people and place. Although often established and maintained through political structures, it also creates unequal cultural and economic relations.
scale
representation of a real-world phenomenon at a certain level of reduction or generalization
world-systems theory
theory originated by Immanuel Wallerstein and illuminated by his three-tier structure, proposing that social change in the developing world is inextricably inked to the economic activities of the developed world
capitalism
economic model wherein people, corporations, and states produce goods and exchange them on the world market, with the goal of achieving profit
commodification
the process through which something is given monetary value
core
processes that incorporate higher levels of education, higher salaries, and more technology; generate more wealth than periphery processes in the world-economy
periphery
processes that incorporate lower levels of education, lower salaries, and less technology; and generate less wealth than core processes in the world-economy
semi-periphery
places where core and periphery processes are both occurring; places that are exploited by the core but in turn exploit the periphery
ability
the capacity of a sate to influence other states or achieve its goals through diplomatic economic, economic, and militaristic means
centripetal forces
forces that tend to unify a country - such as widespread commitment to a national culture, shared ideological objectives, and a common faith
centrifugal forces
forces that tend to divide a country - such as internal religious, linguistic, ethnic, or ideological differences
unitary
a nation-state that has a centralized government and administration that exercises power equally over all parts of the state
federal
a political-territorial system wherein a central government represents the various entities within a nation-state where they have common interests, yet allow these various entities to retain their own identities and to have their own laws, policies, and customs in certain spheres
devolution
the process whereby regions within a state demand and gain political strength and growing autonomy at the expense of the central government
territorial representation
system wherein each representative is elected from a territorially defined district
reapportionment
process by which representative districts are switched according to population shifts, so that each district encompasses approximately the same number of people
splitting
process by which majority and minority populations are spread evenly across each of the districts to be created therein ensuring control by the majority of each of the districts
majority-minority states
process by which a majority of population is from the minority
gerrymandering
redistricting for advantageq
boundary
vertical plane between states that cuts through the rocks below, and the airspace above the surface
geometric boundary
political boundary defined and delimited as a straight line or an arc
physical-political boundary
political boundary defined and delimited by a prominent physical feature in the natural landscape
heartland theory
1. who rules East Europe commands the Heartland
2. who rules the Heartland commands the World Island
3. who rules the World Island commands the World
critical geopolitics
process by which geopoliticians deconstruct and focus on explaining the underlying spatial assumptions and territorial perspectives of politicians
unilateralism
world order in which one state is in a position of dominance with allies following rather than joining the political decision-makin process
supranational organization
a venture involving three or more nation-states involving formal political, economic, and/or cultural cooperation to promote shared objectives
deterritorialization
the movement of economic, social and cultural processes out of the hands of states
reterritorialization
with respect to popular culture, when people within a place start to produce an aspect of popular culture themselves, doing so in the context of their local culture and making it their own
Balkanization
to break up into smaller and often hostile units
Berlin Conference
regulated European colonization and trade in Africa during the New Imperialism period
civil divisions
governmental divisions that divide citizens
compact state
state in which the distance from the center to any boundary does not vary significantly
elongated state
a state with a long, narrow shape
EEZ
-Exclusive Economic Zone
-zone where the the US and other coastal nations have jurisdiction over natural resources
enclave
a distinct territorial, cultural, or social unit enclosed within or as if within foreign territory
exclave
portion of a country separated from the main part and constituting an enclave in respect to the surrounding territory
ethnonationalism
The tendency for an ethnic group to see itself as a distinct nation with a right to autonomy or independence. A fundamental centrifugal force.
fragmented state
a sate that includes several discontinuous pieces of territory
governance
the way that a city, company, etc, is controlled by the people who run it
irredentism
policy of a state wishing to incorporate within itself territory inhabited by people who have ethnic or linguistic links with the country but that lies within a neighboring state
landlocked state
A state that does not have a direct outlet to the sea.
microstate
A state or territory that is small in both size and population.
multicore state
A state that possesses more than one core or dominant region, be it economic, political, or cultural.
perforated state
a state that completely surrounds another one
primate city
A country's largest city-ranking atop the urban hierarchy-most expressive of the national culture and usually (but not always) the capital as well.
prorupted state
an otherwise compact state with a large projecting extension
ethnocultural devolutionary movements
devolutionary movements that come from nations within states that define themselves as being ethnically, linguistically, or religiously distinct
Ex. Yugoslavia
Ex. Czechoslovakia
economic devolutionary movements
Ex) Catalonia produces 40% of spains exports, wants to become own state
Ex) Italy_ mezzogiorno islands wealthy north want to separate from poor south
Ex) Brazil-government uses taxes to assist poorer parts, it even got its own flag and demanded independence,but it was outlawed.
territorial influences on devolution
regions likely to seek devolution are those far from the national capital
Ex. Corsica (France), Taiwan (China), Puerto Rico (US)
definitional boundary dispute
Focus on the legal language of the boundary agreement
locational boundary dispute
centers on the delimitation and possible the demarcation of the boundary
Ex. Saudia Arabia and Yemen, whose potentially oil-rich boundary isn't covered by a treaty
operational boundary dispute
involves neighbors who differ over the way their border should function
Ex. one country wants to limit migration, while the other does not
allocational boundary dispute
dispute over who gets what
Ex. Iraq and Kuwait over oil
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