AP Human Geography - Chapter 8 Political Geography

Terms in this set (67)

political geography

subdivision of human geography focused on the nature and implications of the evolving spatial organization of political governance and formal political practice on the Earth's surface. It is concerned with why political spaces affects social, political, economic, and environmental understandings and practices

a politically organized territory that is administered by a sovereign government and is recognized by a significant portion of the international community. It has a defined territory, a permanent population, a government, and is recognized by other states

Area of land controlled by a nation.

a country's or more local community's sense of property and attachment toward its territory, as expressed by its determination to keep it inviolable and strongly defended

a principle of international relations that holds that final authority over social, economic, and political matters should rest with the legitimate rulers of independent states

territorial integrity

the right of a sate to defend sovereign territory against incursion from other states

In a general sense, associated with the promotion of commercialism and trade. More specifically, a protectionist policy of European states during the the sixteenth and eighteenth centuries that promoted a states's economic position in the contest with other countries

Peace of Westphalia

Peace negotiated in 1648 to end the Thirty Year's War, Europe's most destructive internal struggle over religion. The treaties contained new language recognizing statehood and nationhood, clearly defined borders, and guarantees of security

legally, a term encompassing all the citizens of a sate. MOst definitions now tend to refer to a tightly knit group of people possessing bonds of language, ethnicity, religion, and other shared cultural attributes.

Theoretically, a recognized member of the modern sate system possessing formal sovereignty and occupied by a people who see themselves as a single, united nation. Most nations and states aspire to this form, but it is realized almost nowhere

government based on the principle that the people are the ultimate sovereign and have the final say over what happens within the state

multinational state

state with more than one nation within its borders

multistate nation

nation that stretches across borders and across states

stateless nation

nation that does not have a state

rule by an autonomous power over a subordinate and alien people and place. Although often established and maintained through political structures, it also creates unequal cultural and economic relations.

representation of a real-world phenomenon at a certain level of reduction or generalization

world-systems theory

theory originated by Immanuel Wallerstein and illuminated by his three-tier structure, proposing that social change in the developing world is inextricably inked to the economic activities of the developed world

economic model wherein people, corporations, and states produce goods and exchange them on the world market, with the goal of achieving profit

commodification

the process through which something is given monetary value

processes that incorporate higher levels of education, higher salaries, and more technology; generate more wealth than periphery processes in the world-economy

processes that incorporate lower levels of education, lower salaries, and less technology; and generate less wealth than core processes in the world-economy

places where core and periphery processes are both occurring; places that are exploited by the core but in turn exploit the periphery

the capacity of a sate to influence other states or achieve its goals through diplomatic economic, economic, and militaristic means

centripetal forces

forces that tend to unify a country - such as widespread commitment to a national culture, shared ideological objectives, and a common faith

centrifugal forces

forces that tend to divide a country - such as internal religious, linguistic, ethnic, or ideological differences

a nation-state that has a centralized government and administration that exercises power equally over all parts of the state

a political-territorial system wherein a central government represents the various entities within a nation-state where they have common interests, yet allow these various entities to retain their own identities and to have their own laws, policies, and customs in certain spheres

the process whereby regions within a state demand and gain political strength and growing autonomy at the expense of the central government

territorial representation

system wherein each representative is elected from a territorially defined district

reapportionment

process by which representative districts are switched according to population shifts, so that each district encompasses approximately the same number of people

process by which majority and minority populations are spread evenly across each of the districts to be created therein ensuring control by the majority of each of the districts

majority-minority states

process by which a majority of population is from the minority

redistricting for advantageq

vertical plane between states that cuts through the rocks below, and the airspace above the surface

geometric boundary

political boundary defined and delimited as a straight line or an arc

physical-political boundary

political boundary defined and delimited by a prominent physical feature in the natural landscape

heartland theory

1. who rules East Europe commands the Heartland
2. who rules the Heartland commands the World Island
3. who rules the World Island commands the World

critical geopolitics

process by which geopoliticians deconstruct and focus on explaining the underlying spatial assumptions and territorial perspectives of politicians

world order in which one state is in a position of dominance with allies following rather than joining the political decision-makin process

supranational organization

a venture involving three or more nation-states involving formal political, economic, and/or cultural cooperation to promote shared objectives

deterritorialization

the movement of economic, social and cultural processes out of the hands of states

reterritorialization

with respect to popular culture, when people within a place start to produce an aspect of popular culture themselves, doing so in the context of their local culture and making it their own

to break up into smaller and often hostile units

Berlin Conference

regulated European colonization and trade in Africa during the New Imperialism period

civil divisions

governmental divisions that divide citizens

state in which the distance from the center to any boundary does not vary significantly

elongated state

a state with a long, narrow shape

-Exclusive Economic Zone
-zone where the the US and other coastal nations have jurisdiction over natural resources

a distinct territorial, cultural, or social unit enclosed within or as if within foreign territory

portion of a country separated from the main part and constituting an enclave in respect to the surrounding territory

ethnonationalism

The tendency for an ethnic group to see itself as a distinct nation with a right to autonomy or independence. A fundamental centrifugal force.

fragmented state

a sate that includes several discontinuous pieces of territory

the way that a city, company, etc, is controlled by the people who run it

policy of a state wishing to incorporate within itself territory inhabited by people who have ethnic or linguistic links with the country but that lies within a neighboring state

landlocked state

A state that does not have a direct outlet to the sea.

A state or territory that is small in both size and population.

multicore state

A state that possesses more than one core or dominant region, be it economic, political, or cultural.

perforated state

a state that completely surrounds another one

A country's largest city-ranking atop the urban hierarchy-most expressive of the national culture and usually (but not always) the capital as well.

prorupted state

an otherwise compact state with a large projecting extension

ethnocultural devolutionary movements

devolutionary movements that come from nations within states that define themselves as being ethnically, linguistically, or religiously distinct
Ex. Yugoslavia
Ex. Czechoslovakia

economic devolutionary movements

Ex) Catalonia produces 40% of spains exports, wants to become own state
Ex) Italy_ mezzogiorno islands wealthy north want to separate from poor south
Ex) Brazil-government uses taxes to assist poorer parts, it even got its own flag and demanded independence,but it was outlawed.

territorial influences on devolution

regions likely to seek devolution are those far from the national capital
Ex. Corsica (France), Taiwan (China), Puerto Rico (US)

definitional boundary dispute

Focus on the legal language of the boundary agreement

locational boundary dispute

centers on the delimitation and possible the demarcation of the boundary
Ex. Saudia Arabia and Yemen, whose potentially oil-rich boundary isn't covered by a treaty

operational boundary dispute

involves neighbors who differ over the way their border should function
Ex. one country wants to limit migration, while the other does not

allocational boundary dispute

dispute over who gets what
Ex. Iraq and Kuwait over oil

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