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AMH 3544 Final

Terms in this set (60)

Tom Hayden
Wrote the manifesto of the anti-war movement and was one of the initiators of Students for a Democratic Society. Part of the Chicago 8/7
Students for a Democratic Society
An organization started by college students in 1960 started by Tom Hayden. On April 17, 1965, 20,000 SDS members marched on Washington. They were the "new left", who didn't agree with the wealth of the old left and felt that had something new to say. They wanted democracy in politics and economics and looked toward love, reason, and creativity.
Port Huron, MI
Location of the first SDS National Convention, planned with the help of the AFL-CIO. The Port Huron statement was written and finalized here.
The Port Huron Statement
The 1962 Manifesto of SDS. Against industrialization, mass consumerism, greed, and war. Served as the manifesto for the anti-war movement and the new left.
Martin Luther King, Jr.
Publicly chastised and scorned the war because it took attention away from domestic issues of race and poverty. April 4th, 1967, King formally came out against the war (and was assassinated exactly one year later). LBJ felt personally violated by the anti-war speech and considered it a stab in the back after he passed the Civil Rights Act and the Voting Rights Act.
Vietnam Veterans Against the War
Bought first ad in November 1967. Had a total of 65 members and was created by Jan Berry, a veteran who served in Vietnam from 1962-1963. Members often feared Russians and communism, and many of them felt discouraged by Diem's government and the violence in Vietnam (they were also largely volunteer veterans). They wanted to use newspaper and print forms to articulate their points (not radical; disliked theatrics). Were often shouted down by protestors, as the traditional anti-war movement was unsupportive of veterans. They got rocks thrown at them at Hawthorne University for voicing their opinion. They repurposed the MACV logo as an anti-war logo as well.
Jan Barry
A veteran who served in Vietnam from 1962-1963 and witnessed Diem's democracy ("our supposed democracy was Diem's mess"), which planted seeds of dissent and confusion. He also remembered the deceit of the government (West Point cadets were told to prepare for ground troops in Vietnam in 1964 when the government was still telling the public that no escalation would occur).
Vietnamization
The idea that the Vietnamese should take over the war. Similar philosophy to the French and a return to JFK's original hopes. This idea was forwarded by LBJ and furthered under Nixon's presidency.
Eugene McCarthy
A Democratic presidential candidate in the 1968 election. Students loved him, but were afraid that their backing would upset the public. "Get Clean for Gene" became his slogan, believing moderate voters would be more inclined to vote for him if hippies "cleaned up". He eventually withdrew from the race after Kennedy's assassination.
Creighton Abrams
The general who replaced Westmoreland in April 1968, called "Fighting Abe" Abrams. He thought the Tet was a mistake, but he still wanted to kill Vietnamese.
Xuan Thuy
A representative for the North Vietnamese deligation at the peace talks in 1968.
Nguyen Thi Binh
A woman who represented the National Liberation Front. She is against South Vietnam, demands nationalism.
Nguyen Cao Ky
Sent to represent South Vietnam. Months were spent arguing semantics, because Cao Ky refused to go to peace talks if he had to sit next to a woman. Peace talks were overall unproductive. He held many positions in South Vietnam but after war he went to the United States as a businessman and was part of the alcohol distribution industry
Hubert Humphrey
Vice president for LBJ and democratic presidential candidate in the 1968 election. The anti-war movement didn't trust him and LBJ never took his advice. Lost to Richard Nixon.
Richard Daley
The mayor of Chicago who defined the riots and the anti-war movement as "lawless". Did not expect rioting at the Democratic National Convention in 1968 and it turned into a police riot.
Yippies
An anti-war group (Youth International Party) lead by Abbie Hoffman and Jerry Rubin. They marched on the Pentagon in 1967 and brought "Pigasus" the pig to the Chicago Democratic Convention in 1968.
Jerry Rubin
Founded the Youth International Party along with Hoffman. Ran for mayor of Berkeley in 1964 on an anti-war platform. One of the Chicago Eight/Seven.
Abbie Hoffman
Founded the Youth International Party along with Rubin. He was a revolutionary and a leader of the counterculture. One of the Chicago Eight/Seven.
COINTELPRO
Short for Counterintelligence Program to disrupt the activities of the Communist Party of the U.S. It expanded to include a number of other domestic groups such as Klu Klux Klan, Socialist Workers Party, and Black Panther Party.
Jack McCloskey
A member of the Vietnam Veterans Against the War. Military medic who refused to carry a weapon. Very involved in Veteran's rights movement.
Richard Nixon
While as Vice president to Eisenhower he was accused​ of taking gifts and bribes. Ran against JFK in 1960 and participated in the debates (people who watched in on TV believed Kennedy won; those who listened to it on the radio thought Nixon won). Won the 1968 presidential election. Claims he wasn't a part of Washington's elite despite being a career politician (but he didn't to to an Ivy League school). Many voters saw Nixon to have populist sentiment, a human element. Forwarded the idea of Vietnamization; also thought that if the Vietnamese saw him as a "mad man" and thought he was unpredictable they would be more inclined to consider peace talks.
Henry Kissinger
National Security Advisor under Nixon, was highly made fun of by anti-war cartoonists. Believed the war with Vietnam was a mistake, and that ground troops would have to be raised to 1.3 million to win the war. Eventually won the Nobel Peace Prize for his involvement in ending the Vietnam war.
Le Duan
Ho Chi Minh's replacement (political leader). When Hos health was failing, he was the top decision-maker in Vietnam. Continued Hos policy of ruling through collective leadership. (Le Duan, Pham Van Dong, and Vo Nguyen Giap)
Pham Van Dong
Ho Chi Minh's replacement (political leader). Prime minister of North Vietnam and was a part of Duan's collective leadership.
Vo Nguyen Giap
Ho Chi Minh's replacement. Remained military leader of the movement. Stated that "although he is dead, the movement continues. The message lives on." Part of Duan's collective leadership.
Bobby Seale
A co-founder of the Black Panther party and one of the eight individuals tried in Chicago for breaking riot codes. He tried to represent himself, but he was told he wasn't allowed to he created a disturbance and was gagged and shackled in the court room. His attorneys claimed he couldn't get a fair trial if he was lumped in with the others, so they removed him from the trial and tried him individually.
Judge Julius Hoffman
The judge in the Chicago Eight trials. Abbie Hoffman referred to him as "the judge Hogman", and later Abbie Hoffman showed up in judges robes and claimed he was the judge, placing the American flag and North Vietnamese flag on the table.
Weather Underground
A revolutionary anti-war group that believed only property destruction could get widespread attention (knew their riot would be televised). After the trial of the Chicago 8/7, they "took it to the street" for 4 days during what became known as "The Days of Rage" and the nation took notice. Their name originated from the Bob Dylan song "Subterranean Homesick Blues".
Vietnam Moratorium
An October 15, 1969 demonstration where millions across the country paid homage to fallen soldiers. Started off out of respect for soldiers, but turned into a formal protest. 100,000 marched in Boston; 250,000 in Washington.
My-Lai
A massacre on March 16, 1968. My Lai was a village that housed 700 people, but by the end of the day, less than 200 survived. Men, women, and children alike were all killed. A year later, this massacre was covered in Life Magazine and news broke about what happened. Lt. William Calley was tried for 22 deaths within the massacre, but even though he was given life in prison he was pardoned three years later. The My Lai massacre was widely viewed as a war crime and helped build support for the anti-war movement.
Lt. William Calley
The Lt. who was in charge of the My-Lai massacre. He was tried on March 18, 1971, two years after the news coverage broke, three years after the actual massacre. He was found guilty of 22 deaths and sentenced to life in prison while all others were cleared of charges (even though over 500 people were killed at My Lai; there was no accountability for this). In 1974 he was pardoned.
Hugh Thompson, Jr.
A Warrant Officer at My Lai who tried to stop Calley from killing the Vietnamese. He was a helicopter pilot who disobeyed Calley's orders and flew his helicopter into the fray to stop it from continuing.
Kent State
Students at Kent State protested the Nixon administration on May 4, 1970 after Nixon admitted to the bombing of Cambodia on April 30, 1970. Ohio National Guardsmen opened fire on the students, killing four and injuring nine. Was the inspiration behind Neil Youngs song "Ohio".
Jackston State
Students at Jackson State protested the Nixon administration on May 14, 1970. Two students were killed and twelve other injured after the police opened fire outside a dormitory.
Hard Hat Riot
A riot in Manhattan on May 8, 1970. The riot started about noon when about 200 construction workers mobilized by the New York State AFL-CIO attacked about 1,000 high school and college students and others protesting the Kent State shootings, the American invasion of Cambodia and the Vietnam War near the intersection of Wall Street and Broad Street. The riot, which spread to New York City Hall, lasted little more than two hours. More than 70 people were injured, including four policemen. Six people were arrested. Two weeks later the workers had their own march celebrating soldiers.
Operation Rapid American Withdrawal
A three day protest that occurred over labor day weekend, September 4-7, 1970. It was organized by VVAW (200 veterans) with other peace groups. It took place from Morristown, NJ to Valley Forge, PA, where it culminated in a four hour rally. It used "guerrilla theater" to dramatize a Search and Destroy mission with civilian actors, entering towns and interrogating previously placed actors along the way. It was meant to show public what was going on in Vietnam. It was endorsed by big name personalities such as Donald Sutherland, Jane Fonda, and John Kerry.
Jane Fonda
An actress who participated in Operation RAW and visited the Vietnamese prisoner camps during the Vietnam war. She was very active in the anti-war movement and divided her fan base because of it.
Donald Sutherland
An actor who participated in Operation RAW.
John Kerry
A three time purple heart recipient who graduated from Yale and enrolled in the Navy in 1968 because he thought his duty was to serve and protect his country. During his second enrollment was wounded three times in the Meykong Delta. After his discharge he joined the VVAW and participated in Operation RAW. He also gave a testimony before the Senate Foreign Relations Committee about the winter soldiers investigation.
Winter Soldier Investigation
A series of hearings in Detroit from January 31 to February 2, 1971 where soldiers returning home testified about their experiences in Vietnam. Kerry did not speak at that event, but it did provide the basis for the testimony John Kerry would give some 3 months later before the Senate Foreign Relations Committee. "The term 'winter soldier' is a play on words of Thomas Paine's in 1776 when he spoke of the "sunshine patriot and summertime soldiers" who deserted at Valley Forge because the going was rough. "We who have come here to Washington have come here because we feel we have to be winter soldiers now."
Daniel Ellsberg
Assistant to the deputy for foreign affairs. In 1967, he contributed to a top-secret study of classified documents on the conduct of the Vietnam War that had been commissioned by Defense Secretary McNamara. These documents, completed in 1968, later became known collectively as the Pentagon Papers. He began to feel guilty over the death occurring in Vietnam and his involvement, so on June 13, 1971, he released the Pentagon Papers to the New York Times. On June 21, 1971, he was indicted for many violations, including stealing, but the Times were still allowed to publish the papers after a supreme court ruling upheld their freedom of press.
Pentagon Papers
A group of documents that were commissioned by Robert McNamara on the conduct of the Vietnam War. Daniel Ellsberg released these documents to the New York Times on June 13, 1971. They revealed that, early on, the government had knowledge that the war could most likely not be won. These documents demonstrated, among other things, that the Johnson Administration had systematically lied, to the public and to Congress, about a subject of national interest and significance.
Operation Linebacker
Operation Linebacker was the title of a U.S. Air Force and U.S. Navy Task Force air campaign conducted against North Vietnam. Its purpose was to halt or slow the transportation of supplies and materials for the Easter Offensive. Linebacker was the first continuous bombing effort conducted against North Vietnam since the end of Operation Rolling Thunder
Operation Linebacker II
The continuation of the Operation Linebacker bombing campaigns that lasted from December 18 - 29, 1972. It was a "maximum effort" bombing campaign to destroy major target complexes in N. Vietnam in an attempt to force them to the peace table.
Defense Attache Office
The Defense Attache Office Headquarters in Saigon planned for logistical and military exit from Vietnam in 1973. About 50 military personnel, 2,000 U.S. personnel, families created in Vietnam, and allies all want to leave. Real number trying to get out: approximately 100,000. The DAO wanted to use commercial airlines to get everyone out, but wives of U.S. citizens needed proper paperwork and ARVN permission to leave.
Operation Babylift
A operation on April 4, 1975 to get infants out of Vietnam. It was mostly families of DAO employees. The plane crashed after emergency return, 153 out of 328 on board died.
Operation New Life
A successful operation to get infants out of Vietnam from April 3-4, 1975. 100,000 people were taken out, 7,000 of which were orphans.
Operation Eagle Pull
a test run to get adults and families of DAO employees out of Cambodia. Brought out approx 2,000 people. Anyone wanting to go needed documentation and a reason. Primarily wealthy/government personnel.
Operation Frequent Wind
An operation in 1975 meant to get people out of the DAO headquarters and the Embassy of Saigon orchestrated by the Ford Administration. Used helicopters to evacuate the people to Naval ships off shore. Martin implemented​ this option after he saw the destruction of Tan Son Nhut airport. The operation was supposed to reduce the amount of people who could potentially die for helping the U.S. There was a scramble to get to the Embassy and DAO office. There was rampant corruption and the most deserving were not always the ones leaving, as people with connections and money were the ones who got other people out.
Gram Martin
Ambassador to Vietnam under the Ford Administration. He did not want to implement option 4 to evacuate at first until he saw fist hand how bad Saigon had actually gotten. He refused to leave until as many Vietnamese​ were evacuated as possible.
General Homer Smith
U.S. Defense Attache under the Ford Administration.
Colonel Alfred Gray
Marine Support Force Commander under the Ford Administration.
Tan Son Nhut
The air base that was attacked on one of the final days in the fall of Saigon. This destroyed the option to use commercial aircraft's​ to continue to get people out. Two marines died.
New Palace Hotel
Hotel in Saigon where the NBC crew set up their tripods. From there they witnessed a U.S. military plane explode in the air, the first plane arriving at the DAO compound, and the embassy in chaos.
C-119
The South Vietnamese plane that was shot down on April 29th, 1975 was a C-119.
SAM
Surface to Air Missile, which was used by the North Vietnamese on April 29th, 1975 to shoot down the South Vietnamese C-119 plane.
Alan Dawson
Wrote 55 Days: the fall of Vietnam, Saigon's UPI bureau cheif during final days.
David Butler
Wrote Fall of Saigon, a witness account of what he saw.
Philip Jones Griffith
Photojournalist who covered Vietnam War, wrote Vietnam Inc.
Duong Van Minh
In 1963, he was became President of South Vietnam after leading a coup in which Diem was assassinated. Minh lasted only three months before being toppled by Nguyễn Khánh, but assumed power again in April 1975, two days before surrendering to communist forces.
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