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Pharmacology - Unit 2

Terms in this set (29)

____ is the study of how a drug moves into, through, and out of the body
Pharmacokinetics
____ is the study of how the drug actually produces its affect on the body
Pharmacodynamics
The ideal range of drug concentrations within the body is referred to as the ____ ____, or ____ ____
therapeutic range (or) therapeutic window
Administering the manufacturer's approved drug dose should achieve blood or ____ (____) ____ within the therapeutic range
plasma (serum) concentrations
Top end of the normal therapeutic range is called the ____ ____ ____ and represents the border between those concentrations that are beneficial and those concentrations at which signs of toxicity develop
maximum effective concentration
the bottom end of the normal therapeutic range is the ____ ____ ____
minimum effective concentration
At blood or plasma concentrations of drug below the minimum effective concentration the drug will not achieve the drug's beneficial effect; these concentrations are said to be ____
subtherapeutic
The ____ and ____ are the primary organs involved in removing drugs from the body (organs of excretion of elimination); if damaged the elimination of the drug is slowed, and the drug dose (drug amount) or the frequency of administration of the drug dose must be ____ to prevent accumulation to toxic levels
liver & kidneys; reduced
3 components of therapeutic administration of drugs or ___ ___ include:
dosage regimen; 3: the dose, the dosage interval, and the route of administration
A drug's ___ is the amount of drug administered at one time to a particular patient; expressed most accurately as units of mass, such as milligrams, grams, or grains, rather than the number of product units, such as tablets or capsules, or volume such as milliliters or "cc's"
dose
The time between administration of separate drug doses is referred to as the ___ ___
dosage interval
The combined amount of drug (mass) administered in a given day is referred to as the ___ ___ ___; use the * to adjust the dosage interval and/or dose for medical reasons or to increase client compliance
total daily dose
Drugs given by injection are said to be ____ administered
parenterally
____ administration means the drug is injected directly into a vein
Intravenous (IV)
IV injections can be given as a single, large volume at one time, called ___ ___, or slowly injected or "dripped" into a vein over several seconds, minutes, or even hours as ___ ___
an IV bolus; an IV infusion
___ ___ : drugs are injected into an artery, not a vein, thus the blood carries the injected drug away from the heart and towards a specific tissue or organ; results in all of the drug being delivered at high concentrations directly to the tissues supplied by that artery; tissues supplied by this artery would receive drug concentrations that would far exceed the normal therapeutic range and produce a local toxicosis
an intraarterial injection
___-___ ___ ___ : results in a steady accumulation of drug concentrations in the body until at some point where the drug concentrations reach a plateau, or steady state, and remain there until the infusion is stopped
constant-rate IV infusion (CRI)
The accidental injection of an IV administered drug outside of the blood vessel is called an ___ or ___ injection
extravascular (or) perivascular injection (because it is outside ("extra-) or around ("peri-") the blood vessel)
4 basic mechanisms by which drug molecules move from point A to point B:
-passive diffusion
-facilitated diffusion
-active transport
-pinocytosis and phagocytosis
The random movement of drug molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of lower concentration or "down" the concentration gradient; majority of drug movement through tissue fluid or membrane barriers is via *; no active cellular energy is expended by the body to move the drug molecules
passive diffusion
A passive transport mechanism across cell membranes that involves a special "carrier molecule" located in the cellular membrane; involves no energy expended by the cell to move the drug molecules
facilitated diffusion
Involves a specialized carrier molecule; the cell expends energy to either move the drug molecule across the cell membrane or to "reset" the carrier molecule after transport so that it may transport again; can move drug molecules against the concentration gradient, moving drug molecules from areas of low concentration to areas of higher concentration if need be; don't stop when equilibrium is reached, but can result in a large accumulation of drug molecules within a cell or body compartment
active transport
Forms of active transport; both involve physically engulfing the drug molecule by the cell membrane; both require cellular energy, but are relatively rare means by which drugs are moved across membranes; relatively slower mechanism; the intact movement of very large molecules such as complex proteins or antibodies into cells requires this mechanism
Pinocytosis and phagocytosis
Involves a small invagination forming in the cell membrane that surrounds the drug molecule and brings it into the cell - "cell drinking"
pinocytosis
The most or all of the cell surrounds the molecule - "cell eating"
phagocytosis
To move across a membrane, drug molecules must be in a ___ ("fat loving") form that dissolves in fat or oil
lipohilic
Molecules that do not readily dissolve in fat or oil are said to be ___, "water loving"/ have a very difficult time dissolving in and passing through the cellular membranes by passive diffusion; very dependent upon carrier mediated transport mechanism to be transported across membranes
hydrophilic
Either polarized (+ and - charges on either end of the molecule that don't cancel each other out) or are ionized (a net + or - charge)
hydrophilic drugs
Tend to be nonpolarized and nonionized molecules
lipophilic drugs
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