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Energy Systems, Cell Metabolism, & Neuromuscular Physiology

Terms in this set (57)

Systems Of The Body Work To....
-Physical Exercise
-Regular Exercise
-Stress
-Changes in nutritional intake
-Extreme Environmental Conditions
-Disease Conditions
Nervous System
...
Endocrine System
...
Respiratory System
...
Circulatory System
...
Integumentary System
...
Muscular System
...
Skeletal System
...
Immune System
...
Energy System
...
Digestive System
...
Urinary System
...
Reproductive System
...
Substrates
-Fuel Sources from which we make energy
-Carbohydrate, fat, protein
Bioenergetics
-Process of converting substrates into energy
-Performed at cellular level
Metabolism
-Chemical reactions in the body
Human performance begins at the...
Cellular level
All physiological work done by a muscle requires...
Energy
Cellular metabolism MUST_____ to meet energy needs or work cannot continue
Increase
Whole body metabolic rate
...
Metabolism involves two main processes:
-Catabolism & Anabolism
Catabolic reactions
Break down large, complex molecules to provide smaller molecules and energy
Anabolic reactions
Use atp to build larger molecules from smaller building blocks
Energy is released at a controlled rate based on...
-Enzyme activity in metabolic pathway
Enzymes:
-Do not start chemical reactions or set atp yield
-Do facilitate breakdown (catabolism) of substrates
-Lower the activation energy for a chemical reaction
-End with suffix -ase
ATP broken down by...
ATPase
______ enzymes act in the cytoplasm while _____ enzymes act in the mitochondria
Glycolytic, oxidative
Factors that affect enzyme function
1) Increase [enzyme] increases rate of reaction (training increases conc. of some enzymes)
2) Increase temperature of a reaction increase rate of reaction
3) Increase [substrate] increases rate of reaction for a given enzyme
While certain substrates that the body processes into useable energy forms may be stored, ___ itself is not stored to any great extent
ATP
Cells utilize an "______" energy system cued by the ratio of substrates to products within the various metabolic pathways
On demand
___ is necessary for cellular work is generated when, and only when, there is a demand for it
ATP
The demand is signaled by...
the presence of the ATP breakdown products, ADP, AMP and by ATP/ADP ratio
Stored in small amounts until needed
ATP
Breakdown of ATP to release energy
-Exothermic
-ATP + water + ATPase->ADP + Pi + energy
- ADP: lower-energy compound, less useful
Synthesis of ATP from by-products
-Endothermic
- ADP + Pi + energyATP (via phosphorylation)
- Can occur in absence or presence of O2
At rest, the body uses ____and ____ almost equally for energy
Carbohydrate, Fat
_____ provides little energy for cellular activity, but serves as the building blocks for the body's tissues
Protein
During intense short-duration muscular effort, the body relies mostly on _______ to generate ATP
Carbohydrate
Longer, less intense exercise utilizes ______ and ___ for sustained energy production
Carbohydrates, Fat
All carbohydrate converted to...
Glucose
Energy substrate for prolonged, less intense exercise
Fat
Energy substrate during starvation
Protein
Three ATP synthesis pathways:
- ATP-PCr system (anaerobic metabolism)
- Glycolytic system (aerobic/anaerobic metabolism; glycolysis)
- Oxidative system (aerobic metabolism) (Oxidative phosphorylation)
The breakdown of glucose; it may be anaerobic or
aerobic.
Glycolysis
The process by which glycogen is synthesized from glucose to be stored in the liver or muscle.
Glycogenesis
The process by which glycogen is broken down into glucose-6-phosphate (glucose) to be used for energy production.
Glycogenolysis
Whole body metabolic rate can increase more than 40-fold in well-conditioned athletes, with the increased rate of metabolism of the various active tissues (skeletal muscles) being nearly 100 times their metabolic rate at rest
...
Proteins are generally not considered to be "stored" anywhere to any significant extent. They exist as components of the tissues, as circulating entities in the blood, and as compounds absorbed during digestion from the gut, following a meal
...
Glycogen converted back to glucose when needed to make more ATP (glycogenolysis)
...
Glycogen stores limited (2,500 kcal), must rely on dietary carbohydrate to replenish
...
• All carbohydrate converted to glucose
- 4.1 kcal/g; ~2,500 kcal stored in body
- Primary ATP substrate for muscles, brain
- Extra glucose stored as glycogen in liver, muscles
...
• Efficient substrate, efficient storage
- 9.4 kcal/g
- +70,000 kcal stored in body
• Energy substrate for prolonged, less intense exercise
- High net ATP yield but slow ATP production
- Must be broken down into free fatty acids (FFAs) and glycerol
- Both glycerol and FFAs can be used to make ATP (can enter the Krebs cycle)
Fat
• Can also convert into FFAs (lipogenesis) - For energy storage
- For cellular energy substrate
Protein
• ATP storage extremely limited
...
• Body must constantly synthesize new ATP
...
• ReplenishesATPstores during rest
• RecyclesATPduring exercise until used up (~3-15 s maximal exercise)
ATP- PCR System
• Phosphocreatine (PCr): ATP recycling
- PCr + creatine kinaseCr + Pi + energy
- PCr energy cannot be used for cellular work
- PCr energy can be used to reassemble ATP
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