Upgrade to remove ads
Only $35.99/year

FSHN 150 Exam 4 (Final)

Terms in this set (54)

What are the differences between fat and water soluble vitamins?
Which are Toxic?
Water Soluble:
-limited body stores so need more often
-excess lost in urine
can be lost or destroyed in cooking
-deficiencies develop more quickly
-function as coenzyme

Fat Soluble:
-Not readily excreted
-absorbed along with fat in chylomicrons - absorption impaired
-substantial body stores -> deficiencies develop slowly
-concern for people with fat malabsorption
Which vitamin is important for health of epithelial cells
Vitamin A
Which ones are considered antioxidants?
vitamin E
Which vitamin is the only prohormone?
Vitamin D
Which vitamin is responsible for rickets?
Vitamin D deficiency = lack of mineral for bone; weakened bones
In children - Rickets
In adults - Osteomalacia
Xeropthalmia
Vitamin A deficiency = eye loses ability to produce mucus
leads to infection and blindness
Retinoids
type of vitamin A found in animal products
Carotenoids
can be converted to vitamin A and found in plant products
Why are newborns typically given an injection of Vitamin K at birth?
Vitamin K aids in role of coagulation. Infants are born with low levels and are injected with Vit K to prevent bleeding and help blood clot
Why is dietary Vitamin D unnecessary for a person who is regularly exposed to
sunlight?
Enough Vit D is absorbed through sunlight. Excess supplementation van be toxic, especially to children (blood calcium levels rise)
How is Vitamin D activated?
activation requires enzyme conversion in liver and kidney
How does the parathyroid hormone - increases blood calcium?
-A hormone made by the parathyroid gland that increases synthesis of the active form of vitamin D. This hormone works with vitamin D to increase blood levels of calcium.
-increases release of calcium from the bone
-decreases the loss of Ca from the kidneys by resorbing it
-activates Vitamin D from the kidneys ,which in turn,
-increases the intestinal absorption of Ca.
If blood level of calcium is high or normal the following will take place?
The thyroid gland will release the calcitoin hormone- inhibits release of Ca from the bone
Which vitamins are implicated with decreasing blood homocysteine levels?
B6, B12, Folic Acid convert homocysteine into methionine. If too much of these vitamins are taken, blood homocysteine levels decrease.
Vitamin B12 digestion and absorption requires ______?
Intrinsic Factor: A protein-like compound produced by the stomach that enhances vitamin B-12 absorption in the ileum.

R Protein: Proteins produced by the salivary glands that bind to free vitamin B-12 in the stomach and protect it from stomach acid.

And lack of Stomach Acid
Megaloblast or Macrocytic anemia
Anemia results because cells that develop into blood cannot duplicate their DNA and so cannot divide
-They just grow bigger
-Converted into large immature cells called macrocytes.
Deficiency for Niacin.
Pellagra:
Dementia, Diarrhea, Dermatitis, Death
What is pernicious anemia?
Deficiency of Vitamin B-12 - leading to death
-destroys the nerves (irreversible)
-looks much like a folate deficiency anemia - macrocytic anemia large red blood cells
What vitamin can help prevent neural tube defects?
Folic Acid
What vitamin is involved in collagen maintenance?
Vitamin C - forms crosslinks between collagen strands and create strong, healthy tissues
Which vitamin can mask B12 deficiency?
Folic Acid: synthetic version of Folate
What vitamins are involved in red blood cell formation?
Vitamin B12 and Folate
B12 converts folate to its active forms needed in DNA synthesis for RBC formation
What is the main role of water soluble vitamins?
help free the energy found in food
What is the role of minerals in the body?
- make transfer of nerve impulses possible
-storing water in body and maintaining water fluid balance
-constituents of important body compounds
How is water (fluid balance) controlled?
minerals control where water goes by controlling the electrolyte concentration. Where ion goes, water follows.
Osmosis
What factors enhance calcium absorption?
-pregnancy and infancy
-slight acidic environment
- active vitamin D hormone
-parathyroid hormone
What can inhibit the absorption of calcium?
-fiber intake (phytates and oxalates)
-phosphorous intake
-presence of polyphenols (tannins) in tea
-aging (loss of acidity in stomach)
-lack of vitamin D
Consumption of a diet high in salt by a healthy individual will?
increase urinary excretion of sodium
How does the thirst signal work?
loss of water -> blood plasma volume decreases -> ion concentration increases -> Brain tells kidney to conserve water -> pituitary gland releases antidiuretic hormone that triggers thirst
At the same time, blood pressure falls because plasma volume is decreased what hormone is released?
triggers the release of hormone aldosterone which signals kidney to retain more sodium and in turn, more water
What causes goiter?
Goiter - when thyroid gland enlarges from low intakes of iodide.
Fluoride toxicity
-Colorado Brown Stain
-Mottling (fluorosis) weakening of the teeth in children over time with high amounts
How is iron absorbed?
Primary SI absorption and regulation
What increases Fe absorption
Heme Fe found in animal products are better absorbed than nonheme
How is Fe absorption hindered?
-phylic acid (cereal and grains)
-oxalic acid (veggies)
-Higher fiber
-Tannins (tea)
-High Ca (supplements)
Which proteins carry Fe?
-transported by transferrin (carrier protein for iron in bloodstream)
-stored as ferritin (iron containing storage protein)
How is Fe regulated in the body?
absorptive cells of the SI act as gate keepers- Fe in the body is regulated by the small SI
How is Fe excreted?
Bleeding and bound to feces if mucosal cell dies
What roles do osteoclasts play in bone?
breakdown of bone - stimulated by PTH and active vitamin D3 hormone
What roles do osteoblasts play in bone?
rebuilding - secreting protein, collagen and minerals
Osteoporosis
Decreased bone mass. bones become porous, weak ad brittle. Fractures easily
How does menopause affect bone density?
Inhibits function of osteoclasts that contribute to osteoporosis, goes along with the decrease of estrogen
Peak bone mass is reached by age___?
16-30
What part of the bone does osteoporosis affect?
Trabecular bone found in the ends of long bone, spongy
What energy source is used for the first 2-4 second of exercise?
ATP
What fuel source is converted into energy for exercise lasting up to ~15 seconds? Where is it located?
ATP and Creatine Phosphate (Pcr) and stored in muscles
What is anaerobic glycolysis?
limited oxygen to the muscle during intense physical activity (sprinting) and replenishes ATP quickly.
Products of anaerobic glycolysis
Pyruvate converted to lactic acid
Produce 2 ATP per glucose
What are examples of activities in which anaerobic glycolysis is used?
Sprinting
weight lifting
other high intensity, short duration activities
What is aerobic glycolysis?
-plentiful oxygen
-low to moderate intensity
-produces 36 ATP
-replenishes ATP slowly
-pyruvate converted to CO2 and H2O
What are examples of activities in which aerobic glycolysis is used?
Long distance running
cycling
walking
other low intensity long duration activities
What nutrient can liberate the most ATP per gram?
Fat
For what duration and intensity of exercise are CHO, fat, and protein primarily
used?
More fat is used in anaerobic conditions or after at least an hour of aerobic exerciseing, CHO is used first in most activities, and protein is rarely ever used
What is CHO loading?
a method of increasing CHO intake and decreasing exercise, beneficial for events lasting longer than an hour, delays fatigue and improves enduance, brings on water weight
Other sets by this creator