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Psychology first semester review

Terms in this set (26)

naturalistic observation method
a method of research based on careful observation of behavior in natural settings
Correlation
A measure of the extent to which two factors vary together, and thus of how well either factor predicts the other.
case study
The biggest problem with this method for studying behavior is that it might not represent what is generally true.
identical twins
Environmental influences on personality traits are most clearly highlighted by comparing ______________ raised together with identical twins raised apart
absolute threshold
the minimum stimulation needed to detect a particular stimulus 50 percent of the time
Hippocampus
A neural center located in the limbic system that helps process explicit memories for storage.
conservation
the principle (which Piaget believed to be a part of concrete operational reasoning) that properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in the forms of objects
Piaget
theorist that developed a series of stages in which an individual passes during cognitive development.
Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs
(level 1) Physiological Needs, (level 2) Safety and Security, (level 3) Relationships, Love and Affection, (level 4) Self Esteem, (level 5) Self Actualization
Motivation
a need or desire that energizes and directs behavior
dreams
John Watson would NOT study the meaning of ____.
evolutionary psychology
the study of the evolution of behavior and the mind, using principles of natural selection
Nature vs. Nurture
name for a controversy in which it is debated whether genetics or environment is responsible for driving behavior
Behavioral Perspective
An approach to the study of psychology that focuses on the role of learning in explaining observable behavior.
Sensation
the process by which our sensory receptors and nervous system receive and represent stimulus energies from our environment (detection)
critical period
a specific time in development when certain skills or abilities are most easily learned
Perception
the process of organizing and interpreting sensory information, enabling us to recognize meaningful objects and events (interpretation)
Plasticity
the brain's ability to change, especially during childhood, by reorganizing after damage or by building new pathways based on experience
endocrine system
Glands secrete hormones that regulate processes such as growth, reproduction, and nutrient use (metabolism) by body cells.
Amygdala
A limbic system structure involved in memory and emotion, particularly fear and aggression.
need
something essential for survival
hunger
the natural physical drive to eat, prompted by the body's need for food
Narcolepsy
A sleep disorder characterized by uncontrollable sleep attacks. The sufferer may lapse directly into REM sleep, often at inopportune times.
need to belong
a motivation to bond with others in relationships that provide ongoing, positive interactions
self-actualization needs
the need to be the best one can be; at the top of Maslow's hierarchy
anger
People are especially good at quickly detecting facial expressions of this emotion.
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