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Anatomy Exam 4 Learning Topics

Terms in this set (132)

What is the general anatomy of the respiratory tract?
nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs, alveoli
transports the air into and out of the lungs
conducting zone
allows gas exchange (occurs in alveoli of lungs) between the lungs and the blood
respiratory zone
What are the three functions of the conducting passageways?
purify, humidify, warm
What is the purpose of the sinuses?
lighten the skull, act as resonance chambers for speech, produce mucus that drains into the nasal cavity
inflammation of the sinuses
sinusitis
consists of a nasal cavity divided by a nasal septum
interior of the nose
locacted in the mucosa on the superior surface
olfactory receptors
rest of the cavity is lined with _ that moistens the air and traps incoming foreign particles
respiratory mucosa
What are olfactory receptors?
olfactory tract, olfactory nerve, olfactory epithelium
Why does the respiratory mucosa, which rests on rich network of thin walled veins, warm air as it enters?
heavily vascularized
projections on lateral walls of nose, increase surface area, increase air turbulance within the nasal cavity
conchae
hollow space behind the nose that air flows through
nasal cavity
a thin "wall" made of cartilage and bone, divides the inside of the nose into 2 chambers
septum
thin tissue that lines the nose, sinuses, and throat, warms and moistens the air u breathe, also makes the sticky mucus that helps clean that of air dust and other small particles
mucous membrane
on each side of the nose are curved, bony ridges lined with mucous membrane, warm and moisten air u breathe
turbinates
inspiration - air current passes along mid portion of nasal cavity in
lamellar flow
expiration - resistance of nasal valve in turbinates leads to formation of _ in expired air
eddy currents
a natural body opening or canal
meatus
the nasal cavity is separated from the oral cavity by the _ (anterior hard - bone) (posterior soft - unsupported)
palate
cavities within bones surrounding the nasal cavity
sinuses
sinuses are located in the following bones
frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, maxillary
Inflammation of the nasal mucosa
rhinitis
Muscular passage from nasal cavity to larynx
pharynx (throat)
3 regions of pharynx
nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx
superior region behind nasal cavity
nasopharynx
middle region behind mouth
oropharynx
inferior region attached to larynx
laryngopharynx
the oropharynx and laryngopharynx are main passageways for
air and food
drains tears into nasopharynx
nasolacrimal
open into nasopharynx, drain the inner ear
pharyngotympanic tubes
ears drain into sinuses via
eustacial tube
What is a potential consequence of draining eye secretions and ear secretions into the nasopharynx?
infection in eye or ear could lead to infection in respiratory system
tonsils located in the nasopharynx
pharyngeal
tonsils located in the oropharynx
palatine
tonsils found at the base of the tongue
lingual
routes air and food into proper channels, plays a role in speech, houses the vocal cords, made of 8 rigid hyaline cartilagess and epiglottis
larynx (voice box)
Spoon shaped flap of elastic cartilage, protects the superior opening of the larynx, routes food to the posteriorly situated esophagus and routes air toward the trachcea, when swallowing, it rises and forms a lid
epiglottis
largest of the hyaline caritlages, protudes anteriorly (adam's apple)
thyroid cartilage
vibrate expelled air
vocal fords (true vocal cords)
consists of the vocal cords and the slitlike pathway (opening)
glottis
4 in long tube that connects the larynx with bronchi, walls reinforced with c- shaped hyaline cartilage, which keeps it patent
trachea
lines trachea, cilia beat continuously in opposite direction of incoming air, expel mucus loaded with dust and other debris away from lungs
ciliated mucosa
How are obstructions removed from the trachea?
heimlich or tracheostomy
formed by division of trachea, each bronchus enters the lung at the hilium
main (primary branchi)
Which bronchus is wider, shorter and more vertical?
right
The bronchi subdivide to former smaller and smaller ________
branches
occupy most of the thoracic cavity
lungs
heart occupies central portion between lungs called
mediastinum
part of lungs near the clavicle
apex
base of lungs rests on the
diaphragm
How many lobes does the right lung have?
3 (superior, middle, inferior)
How many lobes does the left lung have?
2 (superior and inferior)
covers the outer surface of the lungs
serosa
covers the lung surface
Pulmonary (visceral) pleura
lines the walls of the thoracic cavity
parietal pleura
fills the area between layers of pleura to allow gliding and decrease friction during breathing
pleural fluid
Potential space between visceral and parietal pleurae
pleural space
inflammation of the lungs
pleurisy
All but the smallest of these passageways have reinforcing cartilage in their walls
bronchial tree divisions
Conduits to and from the respiratory zone
primary bronchi, secondary bronchi, tertiary bronchi, bronchioles, terminal bronchioles
respiratory zone structures
respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs, alveoli
vine leading to the cluster of alveoli
alveolar ducts
cluster of alveoli
alveolar sac
air sacs
alveoli
Thin squamous epithelial layer lines alveolar walls; on 1 side of the it is air and on the other is blood flowing past, formed by alveolar and capillary walls
respiratory membrane
connect neighboring air sacs
alveolar pores
cover external surfaces of alveoli
pulmonary capillaries
only the _ are involved in gas exchange
alveolar sacs
Gas crosses the respiratory membrane by
diffusion
-oxygen enters the blood
-carbon dioxide enters the alveoli
add protection by picking up bacteria, carbon particles, and other debris
alveolar macrophages ("dust cells")
coats gas-exposed alveolar surfaces
surfactant (lipid molecule)
4 events of respiration
pulmonary ventilation, external respiration, respiratory gas transport, internal respiration
moving air into and out of the lungs (commonly called breathing), completely mechanical process that depends on volume changes in the thoracic cavity, volume changes lead to pressure changes, which lead to the flow of gases to equalize pressure
pulmonary ventilation
gas exchange between pulmonary blood and alveoli, oxygen is loaded into the blood, carbon dioxide is unloaded from the blood
external respiration
transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide via the bloodstream
respiratory gas transport
gas exchange between blood and tissue cells in systemic capillaries
internal respiration
inhalation, flow of air into lungs, diaphragm and external intercostals muscles contract, the size of the thoracic cavity increases, increase in intrapulmonary volume, decrease intrapulmonary pressure, air is sucked into the lungs
inspiration
exhalation, air leaving lungs, intercostal muscles and diaphragm relax, decrease in intrapulmonary volume, increase in intrapulmonary pressure, air rushes out, forced expiration can occur mostly by contraction of rib cage
exhalation
atmospheric pressure is greater than
pulmonary pressure
intercostal muscles and diaphragm relax, decrease in intrapulmonary volume, increase in intrapulmonary pressure, air rushes out, forced expiration can occur mostly by contraction of intercostal muscles to depress the rib cage
expiration
intrapulmonary pressure is greater than
atmospheric pressure
normal pressure within the pleural space is always
negative (intrapleural pressure)
keep intrapulmonary pressure higher so lung stays
inflated
differences in lung and pleural space pressures keep lungs from
collapsing
collapsed lung
atelectasis
the presence of air in the intrapleural space
pneumothorax
heimleich maneuver has failed to remove obstruction, what's you last resort?
tracheostomy
normal breathing moves about 500 mL of air with each breath
tidal volume
amount of air that can be taken in forcibly over the tidal volume, usually around 3,100 mL
inspiratory reserve volume
amount of air that can be forcibly exhaled after a tidal expiration, approximately 1,200 mL
expiratory reserve volume
air remaining in lung after expiration, allows gas exchange to go on continuously even between breaths and helps keep alveoli open (inflated), about 1,200 mL
residual volume
total amount of exchangeable air, TV + IRV + ERV, 4,800 mL in men, 3,100 mL in women
vital capacity
air that remains in conducting zone and never reaches alveoli, about 150 mL
dead space volume
Air that actually reaches the respiratory zone (Usually about 350 ml)
functional volume
respiratory capacities are measured with a
spirometer
can be caused by reflexes or voluntary actions, ex: cough and sneeze, crying, laughing, hiccup, yawn
nonrespiratory air (gas) movement
clears lungs of debris
cough, sneeze
emotionally induced mechanism
crying, laughing
sudden inspirations
hiccup
very deep inspirations
yawn
listening to internal body sounds with a stethoscope
auculation
air rushes through trachea and branchus
bronchial sounds
air rushing into alveoli
vesicular breathing sound
air rushing through the large respiratory passages
crackle, wheezing, rales
transfer of oxygen from atmosphere to hemoglobin within red blood cells, transfer of CO2 from cellular respiration to alveoli for exhalation, oxygen is loaded into the blood
external respiration
transfer of oxygen from red blood cells to tissues, receipt of CO2 from cells (product of cellular respiration) to red blood cells
internal respiration
Gas exchanges occur as a result of:
diffusion
Movement of the gas is toward the area of
lower concentration
the alveoli always have more oxygen than the
blood
Oxygen moves by diffusion towards the area of
lower concentration
pulmonary capillary blood gains
Oxygen
carbon dioxide is unloaded out of the
blood
blood returning from tissues has higher concentrations of carbon dioxide than air in the
alveoli
pulmonary capillary blood gives up CO2 to be
exhaled
blood _ the lungs is oxygen rich and carbon dioxide poor
leaving
most oxygen travels attached to hemoglobin and forms
oxyhemoglobin
oxygenation of hemoglobin changes the color of
blood
bright ruby red blood
oxygenated
dark maroon blood
deoxygenated
small dissolved amount of oxyhemoglobin is carried in the
plasma
4 proteins, iron center
hemoglobin
proportion of blood by volume that is red blood cells
hematocrit
low hematocrit
anemia
high hematocrit
polycythemia
measures the percentage of hemoglobin in arterial blood that is loaded with oxygen
pulse oxymetry
oxygen molecules have an affinity for the iron core of the heme group
oxygen loading
why doesn't the body just carry O2 in the plasma of the blood?
oxygen not readily soluble in water
oxygen is transported in the blood to _ via oxyhemoglobin in red blood cells
peripheral tissues
competition for oxygen binding to hemoglobin due to carbon dioxide, carbon dioxide is released into plasma and enters RBC to combine with water to form carbonic acid
bohr effect
serves as an excellent buffer to keep blood pH stable at 7.4
bicarbonate
oxygen is _ released from the hemoglobin molecule
passively
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