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AP 10: Fall Semester

Terms in this set (137)

Treaty of Tordesillas
The agreement settling the dispute between Spain & Portugal for land in the Americas.
What did the Treaty of Tordesillas say?
Divided the trade routes to Asia: Spain gets the route across the Atlantic and Portugal gets the route around Africa. Also, Spain got a lot of land in the New World and Portugal got present-day Brazil.
Bartolome de las Casas
Man who stood up for the rights on the natives.
Renaissance
Time period that allowed for the invention of gunpowder, the compass and advanced shipbuilding and mapmaking
Christopher Columbus
Explorer who won the backing of Queen Isabella & King Ferdinand of Spain to sail west from Europe to the "Indies."
Henry Hudson
While searching for the northwest passage, this explorer sailed up a a broad river to give the Dutch claim
Columbian Exchange
Exchange of plants, animals, and diseases (beans, corn, potatoes, tomatoes & tobacco) between Old World and New World after the time of Columbus.
Corn, beans, squash (3 sister farming)
3 crops from the Americas ended up being staple crops in Europe?
Horses
Animal introduced by the Spanish that changed the lifestyle of the Native American
Smallpox, malaria, yellow fever, influenza
Diseases from the Old World and went to the New World
Valladolid Debate
The argument between Bartolome de Las Casas and Juan Gines de Sepulveda over treatment of Indians by the Spanish.
Encomienda
A grant of land made by Spain to a settler in the Americas, including the right to use Native Americans as laborers on it; essentially set up slavery for Native Americans
Atlantic slave trade
Lasted from 16th century until the 19th century. Trade of African peoples from Western Africa to the Americas. 98% of Africans were sent to the Caribbean, South and Central America.
New France
Established in Canada and along the Mississippi River, focused on fur trade.
Pope's Rebellion/Pueblo Revolt
1680 conflict that lead to death of hundreds of Spanish colonists and destruction of Catholic churches in the area
Cultural autonomy
Conflicts between Natives and Europeans were for the Natives to maintain this
Mercantilism
Economic system in which the colonies exist to enrich the Mother country; attempt to export to colonies more than they import
Cecil Calvert, Second Lord Baltimore
In 1634, Cecil Calvert (Second Lord Baltimore) was the son of George Calvert (First Lord Baltimore). Cecil Calvert set about making his father's dream of a Maryland colony that would be a haven for Catholics in America. (p. 27)
Act of Toleration
The first colonial statue granting religious freedom to all Christians, but it called for death of all non-Christians. It was created to provide a safe haven for Catholics. (p.27)
Roger Williams
A respected Puritan minister who believed that the individual's conscience was beyond the control of any civil or church authority. He was banished from the Bay colony for his beliefs. In 1636, he founded the settlement of Providence. (p. 29)
Providence
This settlement has founded in 1636 by Roger Williams. (p. 29)
Anne Hutchinson
This Puritan believed in antinomianism and was banished from the Bay colony because of her beliefs. In 1638, she founded the colony of Portsmouth. (p. 29)
antinomianism
The idea that faith alone, not deeds, is necessary for salvation. (p. 29)
Rhode Island
In 1644, Parliament granted Roger Williams a charter, joining Providence and Portsmouth into a single colony, Rhode Island. (p. 30)
Halfway covenant
In the 1660s, people could now take part in church services and activities without making a formal commitment to Christ. It was created because the next generation of colonists were less committed to religious faith, but churches still needed members. (p. 31)
Quakers
Members of the Religious Society of Friends who believed in the equality of men and women, nonviolence, and resistance to military service. (p. 34)
William Penn
In 1861, the royal family paid a large debt by granting his family a large parcel of American land. This Quaker, formed a colony that he named Pennsylvania. (p. 34)
Holy Experiment
William Penn put his Quaker beliefs to the test in his colony, Pennsylvania. He wanted the colony to provide a religious refuge for Quakers and other persecuted people, enact liberal ideas in government, and generate income and profits for himself. (p. 34)
Charter of Liberties
In 1701, the Pennsylvania colony created this written constitution which guaranteed freedom of worship for all and unrestricted immigration. (p. 34)
rice plantations
These plantations required a large land area and many slaves. (p. 37)
tobacco farms
As Tobacco prices fell, rice and indigo became the most profitable crops. (p. 37)
John Cabot
First Englishman to explore lands in North America which England would later settle in the early 1600's. (p. 25)
Jamestown
In 1607, the first permanent English colony in America was founded at this location. The Virginia Company, was a a joint-stock company chartered by England's King James I. (p. 25)
Captain John Smith
Because of his forceful leadership, Jamestown barely survived its first five years. (p. 25)
John Rolfe
He helped Jamestown develop a new variety of tobacco which became popular in Europe and became a profitable crop. (p. 25)
Pocahontas
She was the American Indian wife of John Rolfe in early settlement days in Jamestown. (p. 25)
Puritans
Group of dissenters that wanted to purify the Church of England. In 1630 they founded the Massachusetts Bay Colony at Boston. (p. 26)
Separatists
Radical dissenters to the Church of England, they were known by this name because they wanted to organized a completely separate church that was independent of royal control. They became known as Pilgrims, because of the travels. (p. 26)
Pilgrims
They were radical dissenters to the Church of England. They moved to Holland, then in 1620, they sailed to America on the Mayflower in search of religious freedom. They established a new colony at Plymouth on the Massachusetts coast. (p. 26)
Mayflower
In 1620, the boat that the Pilgrims sailed to Plymouth. (p. 26)
Plymouth Colony
This colony was started by the Pilgrims at Plymouth (Massechusetts). In the first winter nearly half of them perished. They were helped by friendly American Indians and celebrated the first Thanksgiving in 1621. (p. 26)
John Winthrop
In 1630, he led about a thousand Puritans to America and and founded Boston and several other towns. (p. 26)
Great Migration
This movement started because of a civil war in England. Nearly 15,000 settlers came to the Massachusetts Bay Colony. (p. 26)
Virginia
Sir William Berkeley, the royal governor of Virginia use dictatorial powers to govern on behalf of the large planters. (p. 29)
Thomas Hooker
In 1636, he led a large group of Boston Puritans dissatisfied with the Massachusetts Bay colony to found Hartford, which is now Connecticut. In 1639 they drew up the first written constitution in American history. (p. 30)
John Davenport
In 1637, he founded a settlement south of Hartford, by the name of New Haven. (p. 30)
Connecticut
In 1665, New Haven and Hartford joined to form the colony of Connecticut under a royal charter. (p. 30)
New Hampshire
Hoping to increase royal control in the colonies, King Charles II separated New Hampshire from Massachusetts in 1679 and made it a royal colony. (p. 31)
The Carolinas
In 1663, King Charles II granted eight nobles the Carolinas. In 1729, the Carolinas were split into two royal colonies. In South Carolina, the economy was based on the fur trade and growing food for the West Indies, which led to many plantations. In North Carolina, there were many small tobacco farms and fewer plantations. (p. 32)
New York
In 1664, King Charles II granted his brother, the Duke of York (future King James II) the land now known as New York. James took control of the Dutch colony that was located there, but the Dutch were treated fairly. James was unpopular because of his taxes and refusal to institute a representative government. Finally in 1683, he agreed to grant broad civil and political rights to the colony. (p. 33)
New Jersey
The territory of New York was split. In 1674, land was granted to Lord John Berkeley and Sir George Carteret. Eventually they sold to the Quakers. In 1702, the two Jerseys were combined into a single royal colony, New Jersey. (p. 33)
Pennsylvania
In 1861, the royal family paid a large debt by granting William Penn's father a large parcel of American land. He then formed a colony from the land. (p. 34)
Delaware
In 1702, William Penn granted the lower three colonies of Pennsylvania their own assembly. In effect, Delaware became a separate colony, even though its governor was the same as Pennsylvaniaá until the American revolution. (p. 34)
Georgia
In 1732, Georgia was formed to provide a buffer between wealthy Georgia and Spanish controlled Florida, and to provide a place for the many debtors of England to begin again. (p. 34)
James Oglethorpe
Founder of Georgia's first settlement, Savannah, in 1733. He acted as governor of Georgia and had strict laws which included a ban on rum and slavery. (p. 35)
Metacom
This American Indian chief was known to the colonists as King Philip. He joined together the Native American tribes to fight the colonists in King Philip's War, a war that lasted from 1675 to 1676. (p. 31)
King Philip's War
From 1675 to 1676, the American Indian chief Metacom (King Philip), waged a vicious war against the English settlers in southern New England. (p. 31)
Mayflower Compact
In 1620, while they were sailing to America on the Mayflower, the Pilgrims created this document that pledged them to make decisions by the will of the majority. It was a rudimentary written constitution. (p. 27)
Virginia House of Burgesses
In 1619, just 12 years after the founding of Jamestown, Virginia's colonists organized the first representative assembly in America, the Virginia House of Burgesses. (p. 27)
Sir William Berkeley
Royal Governor of Virginia who favored large plantation owners and did not support or protect smaller farms from Indian raids. He put down Bacon's rebellion in 1676. (p. 29)
Bacon's Rebellion
In 1676, Nathaniel Bacon led a group of army volunteers that raided Native American villages, fought the governor's forces, and set fire to Jamestown. The rebellion lost momentum when Bacon died of dysentery. The rebellion was caused by the Governor's unfair favoritism of large plantation owners and refusal to protect small farms from Native American raids. (p. 29)
Fundamental Orders of Connecticut
In 1639, the Hartford settlers drew up the first written constitution in America. It established a representative government made up of a legislature elected by the people and a governor chosen by the legislature. (p. 30)
New England Confederation
In 1643, Plymouth, Massachusetts Bay, Connecticut, and New Haven colonies formed a military alliance to deal with the threat from the Native Americans. It lasted until 1684. (p. 31)
Frame of Government (1682)
In 1682-1683, William Penn provided the Pennsylvania colony with a Frame of Government which guaranteed a representative assembly elected by landowners and a written constitution. (p. 34)
corporate colonies
Colonies operated by joint-stock companies during the early years of the colonies, such as Jamestown. (p. 24)
royal colonies
Colonies under the direct authority and rule of the king's government, such as Virginia after 1624. (p. 24)
proprietary colonies
Colonies under the authority of individuals granted charters of ownership by the king, such as Maryland and Massachusetts. (p. 24)
Chesapeake Colonies
In 1632, the area once known as the Virginia colony, has divided into the Virginia and Maryland colony. Maryland became the first proprietary colony. (p. 27)
joint-stock company
Corporate colonies, such as Jamestown, were operated by joint-stock companies, at least during the colony's early years. (p. 24)
Virginia Company
England's King James I chartered the Virginia Company, a joint-stock company that founded the first permanent English colony in America at Jamestown in 1607. (p. 25)
mercantilism
An economic policy in which the colonies were to provide raw materials to the parent country of growth and profit of the parent country. (p. 35)
Navigation Acts
Between 1650 and 1673 England passed a series of acts which establish rules for colonial trade.
* Trade to and from the colonies could be carried only by English or colonial-built ships, which could be operated only by English or colonial crews.
* All goods imported in the colonies, except some perishables, had to pass through the ports in England.
* Specified goods from the colonies could be exported only to England. (p. 35)
Dominion of New England
James II wanted to increase royal control in the colonies, so he combined them into larger units and abolished their representative assemblies. The Dominion of New England combined New York, New Jersey, and the other New England colonies into a single unit.
Glorious Revolution
In 1688, King James II was deposed and replaced with William and Mary. This brought the end to the Dominion of New England, and the colonies operated under their previous structure. (p. 37)
indentured servants
Young people from England under contract with a master who paid for their passage. Worked for a specified period for room and board, then they were free.
headright system
A method for attracting immigrants, Virginia offered 50 acres of land to each immigrant who paid for passage to America and to any plantation owner who paid for a migrant's passage.
slavery
The first slaves arrived in the colonies in 1619, they were not slaves for life, but worked for a period of time, similar to an indentured servant. Then discriminatory laws were passed, slaves and their offspring were kept in permanent bondage and an increasing legal system of laws laid out the basis for hereditary slave system based on race
triangular trade
Merchants traded colonial-manufactured rum for African slaves, African slaves for West Indies sugar cane, and sugar cane was brought back to the colonies to make rum
Middle Passage
The voyage from West Africa to the West Indies and North America as part of the Triangular Trade. It was miserable for the slaves transported and many died in the forced migration
The French and Indian War
1754-1763
War between French and British in American colonies part of 7 years
The Proclamation of 1763
Line drawn by British Parliament, colonists not allowed to settle past Appalachian mountains
Stamp Act
1765 direct tax on a stamp that must be put on paper, office documents, etc.
The Coercive Acts
1774 intolerable acts
Common Sense
1776 pamphlet written by Thomas Paine to garner support from everyday Americans in favor of independence
The Declaration Of Independence
1776 document written by colonial elites to British King and Parliament stating independence due to a long list of grievances and the many attempts to address those issues had gone unheard; based on Enlightenment thought and Locke's ideas of the "social contract" and popular sovereignty
Battle of Saratoga (October 1777)
Head to head battle between the British and Americans in the countryside, American won the battle and show they have a chance, leading to outright French support and an alliance
French-American Alliance
Formed after battle of Saratoga when Americans proved to French they can win and French are allies because they want to damage an age old enemy
Treaty of Paris
1783 ended the American Revolutionary War
Granted the land British gave Natives as American land
American colonies recognized as a sovereign nation
Articles of Confederation (1781)
The first form of government for the United States
Many weaknesses stemming from its construction
No strong central government
Strong state governments
Caused economic problems and failure
Established a precedent for settling western territories and bringing them into the union
The Northwest Ordinance of 1787
Land in Northwest is divided into 5 states (Michigan, Illinois, Ohio, Wisconsin, Indiana) they are all seen as equal to the 13 original states
Reach a certain pop you can apply for statehood and be part of congress and slavery was outlawed
Shay's Rebellion (1786-1787)
1786 farmers debt rebellion agriculture depression, economical failure and 2 out of 3 were being sued
U.S. Constitution (1787)
New format of government focuses more on a central national power and less on states 3 branch government that limit each other
Federalism
One central power over all with shared powers between central government, state governments, and more local governments
Great Compromise (Connecticut Compromise)
New Jersey and Virginia plans together and create the senate and House of Representatives senate equal vote house of rep by population
The Three-Fifths Compromise
Slaves count as population for vote in congress
3 slaves for every 5 white were counted
The Federalists papers
Essays written by Federalists to get people to ratify the constitution plubis
Federalists
Supported the ratification of the constitution one central strong government
Anti federalists
Against ratification of the constitution
The Bill of Rights
First ten amendments of the constitution
George Washington's presidency
1st president formed the cabinets 2nd term strictly followed constitution left office to tell everyone they needed to be unified established framework of Supreme Court and how they will be decided judiciary
Hamilton's Financial Plan
Tackle debt- grant money back to people, national bank create national government, manufacturing establish tax revenue
Jefferson
Wanted state governments against Hamilton 3rd president vice under John Adams voting process not fix yet and he got 2nd place
Washington's farewell address
Unity and against foreign policies
XYZ Affair
3 agents from France try to bribe Americans who came as ambassadors to see the rulers of France common in Europe but Americans took offense and John Adams published what happened for all Americans to see decreasing support of republicans because they are Franco files
Alien and Sedition Acts
Sedition- speaking false against congress or president
Alien- allow president to prison or deport suspicious foreign during war
Cut of increase of republicans
Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions
Idea of nullification
Legislatures that constitution was written by sovereign states so they could revoke the unconstitutional laws
Federalist
Political party created in the 1790s led by Alexander Hamilton; favored a stronger national government; supported primarily by the bankers and moneyed interests
Democratic-Republicans
Political party created in the 1790's; led by Thomas Jefferson; favored limited government and state rights; supported primarily by the "common man"
Election of 1800
(AKA Revolution of 1800) election that led to a peaceful transfer of power from the Federalist party to the Democratic Republican Party
Hartford Convention, 1814
Meeting of Federalists during the War of 1812 discuss strategy to gain more power in government; viewed as unpatriotic by many; as a result, the Federalist Party was no longer a significant force in American politics
Era of Good Feelings
Term used to describe the time period after the 2nd Party System in the United States after the Federalist Party fell from the national stage, leaving only the Democratic Party; associated with the presidency of James Monroe
Henry Clay
Leader of the Whig Party who proposed an "American System" to make the United States economically self-sufficient, mostly through protective tariffs; worked to keep the Union together through political compromise
John C. Calhoun
South Carolina political leader who defended slavery as a positive good and advocated the doctrine of nullification, a policy in which state could nullify federal law.
John Marshall
Appointed to the Supreme Court by John Adams in 1801; served as a chief justice until 1835; legal decisions gave the Supreme Court more power, strengthened the federal government, and supported protection of private property.
Judicial Review
The power of the Supreme Court to review the constitutionality of laws passed by Congress
Embargo Act (1807)
Passed by President Jefferson in order to pressure Britain and France to stop impressment and support the American rights to free trade with the other; a government-order ban on international trade; went into effect in 1808 and closed down virtually all U.S. trade with foreign nations; led to steep depression in the economy
Second Bank of the United States (1816)
Privately owned bank that operated as both a commercial and fiscal agent for the US government; established in 1816 under a charter that was supposed to last 20 years; Andrew Jackson was critical of the bank and its potential for corruption; ended when Jackson vetoed the extension of its charter and won reelection in the process
Louisiana Purchase (1803)
U.S. purchased the Louisiana Territory from France for $15 million, doubling the size of the U.S. and giving the U.S. full control of the Mississippi River
Lewis and Clark expedition (1804-1806)
Expedition to explore the Louisiana Territory led by Meriwether Lewis and William Clark
War Hawks
Members of Congress from the West and South elected in 1810 who wanted war with Britain in the hopes of annexing new territory and ending British trade with the Indians of the Northwest
War of 1812
1812-1815, War between the U.S. and Great Britain caused primarily by the perceived British violation of American neutral rights on the high seas (impressment); ended with an agreement of "status quo ante" (a return to how things were before the war)
Adams-Onis Treaty (1819)
Treaty between the U.S. and Spain that ceded Florida to the U.S
Monroe Doctrine (1823)
President Monroe's unilateral declaration that the Americas would be closed to further European colonization and that the U.S. would not allow European interference in the affairs of the Western Hemisphere; in return the U.S. pledged to stay out of European conflicts and affairs; significant foreign policy state that lasted through most of the 19th century
Tecumseh
Shawnee leader who attempted to establish an Indian confederacy among tribes from around the continent that he hoped would be a barrier to white expansion; defeated at the Battle of Tippecanoe in 1811 by U.S. forces led by General William Henry Harrison, slowing the momentum of Pan-Indian unity
The American System
Consisted of three mutually reinforcing parts: (1) a tariff to protect and promote American industry; (2) a national bank to foster commerce; (3) federal subsidies for roads, canals, and other "internal improvements" to develop profitable markets for agriculture; supported heavily by Henry Clay
Missouri Compromise of 1820
Admitted Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a free state, maintaining the balance between slave and free states in representation in the federal government; established a geographic line that would determine whether new states (made from the western territories) would be added to the union as slave or free states
What did the courts rule in Marbury v. Madison (1803, Marshall)?
The Court established its role as the arbiter of the constitutionality of federal laws, the principle is known as judicial review.
What did the courts rule in McCulloch v. Maryland (1819, Marshall)?
The Court ruled that states cannot tax the federal government, i.e. the Bank of the United States; the phrase "the power to tax is the power to destroy"; confirmed the constitutionality of the Bank of the United States.
Define tariff
A tax imposed on imported goods and services. Tariffs are used to restrict trade, as they increase the price of imported goods and services, making them more expensive to consumers.
Define embargo
A government order prohibiting commerce in or out of a port
New England vs. Chesapeake (Jamestown)
New England: Consisted of Puritans who sought purity from the Anglican Church, more emphasis on family life in New England, better living conditions, equal male to female ratio, education and the bible enforced (mostly cohesively).

Chesapeake: More of an economic/ business proposition. More males than females, harsher living conditions, higher death rate. this region was distinguished by indentured servants, cash crops, and African slavery.
What was the Great Awakening?
Spilling over into the colonies from a wave of revivals in Europe, the Awakening placed renewed emphasis on vital religious faith, partially in reaction to more secular, rationalist thinking characterizing the Enlightenment. Beginning as scattered revivals in the 1720s, the Awakening grew into a fully developed outpouring of rejuvenated faith by the 1740s. Key figures included Jonathan Edwards and George Whitefield. The Awakening's legacy included more emphasis on personal choice, as opposed to state mandates about worship, in matters of religious faith. One of the first events to unify the colonies.
Enlightenment
A philosophical movement which started in Europe in the 1700's and spread to the colonies. It emphasized reason and the scientific method. Writers of the enlightenment tended to focus on government, ethics, and science, rather than on imagination, emotions, or religion. Many members of the Enlightenment rejected traditional religious beliefs in favor of Deism, which holds that the world is run by natural laws without the direct intervention by a higher power.
Causes of the French and Indian War
1. Colonial rivalries between Great Britain and France.
2. France and Great Britain traded with different Native American groups for fur.
3. France and Great Britain arm the Native Americans.
4. Disputed land claims in Ohio River Valley (both sides wanted the same fur-rich land)
Turning Points in the American Revolution
1. Saratoga - A battle that took place in New York where the Continental Army defeated the British. It proved to be the turning point of the war. This battle ultimately had France to openly support the colonies with military forces in addition to the supplies and money already being sent.

2. Valley Forge - Place where Washington's army spent the winter of 1777-1778, a 4th of troops died here from disease and malnutriton, Steuben comes and trains troops. The soldiers were much more equipped for combat than before.
Constitution vs. Articles of Confederation
Constitution: Strong central government, Power to tax, Power to regulate interstate and international congress, Powerful president, house of reps, senate, courts, Number of reps based on state's population, senate representation equal for all states regardless of population, Federalism, Popular Sovereignty, Limited gov, Separation of power, Judicial review, Checks and balances, Rep government, Bill of rights

Articles of Confederation: No power to tax, Could only make suggestions, For minor decisions, needed majority, For laws- had to be 9/13, for amendment, unanimous, Each state regulated its own trade, Managed foreign affairs, Created loose confederation, Was drafted by John Dickinson, Congress's power was limited to prevent problems experienced under Britain, 2 things well- Treaty of Paris 1783 and settling of Western Territory
Jeffersonian Era
Between 1800 and 1815, the Jeffersonian Republicans nearly doubled the size of the country by purchasing Louisiana Territory from France; defeated powerful Indian confederations in the Northwest and South, opening the area north of the Ohio River as well as southern and western Alabama to white settlement; and--to protect American shipping and seamen, clear westerns lands of Indians, and preserve national honor--once again waged war with Britain, fighting the world's strongest power to a stalemate. In addition, the Supreme Court established the principle of judicial review, which enables the courts to review the constitutionality of federal laws and invalidate acts of Congress when they conflict with the Constitution.
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