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AP PSYCHOLOGY MIDTERM REVIEW

Terms in this set (25)

Parts of Neurons
-Cell Body (Soma)
-Dendrites
-Axon
-Myelin sheath
-Terminal Button
Cell Body (Soma)
cell's life support center
Dendrites
Receives chemical messages from other neurons and conduct impulses toward the cell body
Axon
transmits electrical messages (neural impulse) through a neuron
Myelin Sheath
Covers axon of same neurons, helps speed neural impulses.
- A layer of fatty tissue segmentally encasing the fibers of many neurons
Terminal Button
Stores and releases neurotransmitters
Neural Transmission
- Resting Potential
- Action Potential
- Threshold/ All or None Response
- Polarization, Depolarization, Repolarization
- Neurotransmitters
- Synapse (or Synaptic Gap or Synaptic Cleft)
- Reuptake
Resting Potential
...
Action Potential
Neural impulse; brief electrical charge that travels down an axon
a. Depolarization
b. Refractory Period
c. Excitatory
d. Inhibitory
e. All or None Response
Threshold/ All or None Response
Level of stimulation required to trigger a neural impulse/
- The neurons reaction like guns, neurons fire or they don't
Polarization
...
Depolarization
Depolarizes that section of the axon, causing the axons next channel to open, and then the next
Repolarization
...
Neurotransmitters
Chemical that transmits messages from on neuron the other. When released by the sending neuron, these travel across the synapse and bind to receptor sites on the receiving neuron, thereby influencing whether that neuron will generate a neural impulse.
Synapse
Space between neurons. The junction between the axon tip of the sending neuron and the dendrite or cell body of the receiving neuron.
Reuptake
Sending neuron reabsorbs the neuron transmitter
Neurotransmitters (Function and Role in Disorders)
- Dopamine
- Serotonin
- Norepinephrine
- Acetylcholine (ACH)
- Endorphins
- GABA
Dopamine
Influences MOVEMENT, LEARNING, attention, emotion, and PLEASURE
Ex Malfunction: Excessive linked to Schizophrenia
Serotonin
Affects MOOD, hunger, sleep, and arousal
Ex Malfunction: Under supply linked to depression.
Norepinephrine
Helps control alertness and arousal (concentration)
Same as Adrenaline
Ex Malfunction: Undersupply can depress mood
Acetylcholine (ACH)
Enables MUSCLE ACTION, learning, and MEMORY
Ex Malfunction: W/Alzheimer's disease. ACH-producing neurons deteriorate
Endorphins
...
GABA
A major inhibitory neurotransmitter
Ex malfunction: Undersupply linked to seizures, tremors, and insomnia
Effects of Drugs on NS
- Inhibitory vs. Excitatory
- Agonist vs. Antagonist
Inhibitory vs. Excitatory
Inhibitory- More like pushing its brake
Excitatory- Each neuron is itself a miniature decision-making device performing complex calculations as it receives signals from hundreds of other neurons. Most of these signals are excitatory: somewhat like pushing a neurons accelerator
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