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English 1.1-1.5 & 2.1-2.2

Terms in this set (75)

Abbreviations
Short forms of words
Eight Parts of Speech
Noun, pronoun, adjective, verb, adverb, preposition, conjunction, and interjection
Grammar
A set of rules that explains how the eight parts of speech are organized in phrases, clauses, and sentences to communicate meaning
Subject, Action Verb, Direct Object Pattern
The most common sentence pattern in which a sentence is constructed with a subject, action verb, and direct object in that order
Phrase
A group of related words that doesn't have a subject and verb
Clause
A group of related words that has a subject and verb
Verbals
When parts of verbs are used in a way other than as a main verb
Gerund
A verb form that's used as a noun
Fragment
An incomplete sentence
Participial Phrases
Verb forms that are used as adjectives
Dangling Modifier
A word or phrase that modifies a word not clearly stated in the sentence
Modifier
Describes, clarifies, or gives more detail about a concept
Infinitive
A form of a verb with to
Split Infinitive
A rule that states that to should never be separated from the verb
Dependent Clause
A group of words that contains a subject and verb but does not express a complete thought; it's used as an adverb, adjective, or noun
Independent Clause
Can stand alone as a sentence because it expresses a complete thought.
Subordinate Clause
Starts with a conjunction. Contains both a subject and a verb, but is not a complete sentence.
Adverbial Clause
A group of words that modifies a verb, an adjective, or another adverb,
Adjectival Clause
A group of words that describes a noun or pronoun and contains a relative pronoun; also called a relative clause
Restrictive Clause
A group of words essential to the meaning of the sentence. Not set off by commas.
Nonrestrictive Clause
A group of words that adds additional information to the noun or pronoun, but does not change the meaning of the sentence.
Simple Sentence
Has only one complete subject and one complete predicate
Noun
A person, place, or thing
Common Noun
A word that names any general type of person, place, or thing
Proper Noun
A word that names a specific person, place, or thing
Collective Noun
A word that names a group
Abstract Noun
A word that names qualities, conditions, ideas, and feelings that can't be identified by the senses
Concrete Noun
A word that names something you can see, taste, hear, smell, or touch
Subject
A noun that performs an action
Object
A noun that completes an action or has an action done to it
Pronoun
A word you use as a substitute for a noun
Personal Pronouns
Words that refer to people (1) doing the speaking (first person), (2) being spoken to (second person), or (3) or other nouns being spoken about (third person)
Possessive Pronoun
A word that shows ownership
Demonstrative Pronoun
Word used to point out definite persons, places, things, or ideas
Interrogative Pronoun
Used in asking questions
Relative Pronoun
Used to connect a phrase to the subject
Indefinite Pronoun
Refers to an unspecified noun or sometimes just to things in general
Antecedent
The person, place, or thing that a pronoun replaces or refers to
Noun Clause
Group of words that begin with how, that, what, whatever, when, where, whether, which, whichever, who, whoever, whom, whomever, and why
Adjective
A word that modifies nouns and pronouns
Common Adjective
A describing word that is general in nature
Proper Adjective
A describing word that is formed from a proper noun
Demonstrative Adjective
Points out specific persons, places, or things
Indefinite Adjectives
Words that point out persons, places, or things, but less specifically than demonstrative adjectives
Interrogative Adjectives
Question words that modify nouns
Possessive Adjectives
Words that modify nouns to indicate ownership or show possession
Verb
A word used to express physical and mental action
Linking Verb
A word that links the subject to another word; expresses a state of being
Helping Verb
A word that shows shifts in time, mood, or tone of the verb
Perfect Tenses
Formed by the present, past, or future of the verb to have plus the past participle of the verb
Progressive Tenses
Show continuing action and use the helping verb to be with the present participle of the main verb
Active Voice
The subject of the sentence performs a specific action
Passive Voice
The subject of the sentence is acted upon
Subject Complements
Words that follow linking verbs
Prepositional Phrase
A group of related words that acts as either an adjective or an adverb in a sentence
Preposition
A linking word
Object of the Preposition
A noun or pronoun that a preposition acts upon
Conjunction
Speech couplings that enable a sentence to convey several things at once; joins words, groups of words, or sentences and shows relationships between ideas
Coordinating Conjunction
Joins two or more words or ideas in one concise sentence
Correlative Conjunction
Connects balanced elements in a sentence
Subordinating Conjunction
Introduces a dependent clause
Phrasal
Subordinating conjunctions that are a group of words that function as a single unit
Interjection
Expresses emotion; is usually not related to other words in a sentence
Denotation
The specified dictionary meaning of a word
Connotation
The implied meaning of a word, not emphasized in a dictionary
Usage Label
A term in a dictionary referring to how a word functions
Original
A usage label used when a word has more than one meaning; the original, or literal, meaning is often given first
Archaic and Obsolete
Usage labels used indicate a word that was once used in a certain sense, but no longer is
Dialect
A usage label that refers to a local form of a word that's used in a certain area or by a certain group
Colloquial and Informal
Usage labels used to relate certain words and expressions that are used in casual conversations
Slang
The usage label for words that are only appropriate in informal context; usually made up of altered, extravagant, or amusing forms of language
Figurative
A usage label that refers to the meaning of a word as an extension of the word's original meaning
Synonyms
Words than have similar meanings
Antonyms
Words that have opposite meanings
Thesaurus
A book that lists words in groups of synonyms
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