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ch 19 hematologic
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Terms in this set (39)
plasma
complex aqueous liquid containing a variety of organic and inorganic elements. accounts for 50%-55% of blood volume.
serum
is plasma that has been allowed to clot in the lab in order to remove fibrinogen and other clotting factors
albumins
(about 60% of total plasma protein) Function as carriers and control the plasma oncotic
pressure
globulins
Carrier proteins and immunoglobulins (antibodies)
clotting factors
promote coagulation and stop bleeding from damaged blood vessels. mainly fibrinogen.
erythrocytes (red blood cells)
Most abundant cell in the body, Responsible for tissue oxygenation, Biconcavity and reversible deformity, 120-day life cycle
leukocytes (white blood cells)
Defend the body against infection and remove debris
granulocytes
Membrane-bound granules in their cytoplasm, The granules contain enzymes capable of destroying
microorganisms, Inflammatory and immune functions, Capable of ameboid movement (diapedesis)
neutrophil
Polymorphonuclear neutrophil (PMN) Phagocytes in early inflammation
eosinophil
Eosinophils ingest antigen-antibody complexes, Induced by IgE hypersensitivity, Increase in parasitic infections
basophil
Structurally and functionally similar to mast cells
mast cells
Central cell in inflammation, Release histamine, Found in vascularized connective tissue
Agranulocytes; monocytes
immature macrophages
macrophages
in tissue
lymphocytes
mature to T cells, B cells, and plasma
NK cells
kill some types of tumor cells and some virus infected cells without prior exposure
platelets
Disk-shaped cytoplasmic fragments, Essential for blood coagulation and control of
bleeding
thrombopoietin (TPO)
main regulator of platelets
spleen
Largest secondary lymphoid organ. Splenic pulp- masses of lymphoid tissue containing macrophages and lymphoid tissue
Venous sinuses- phagocytosis of old, damaged, and dead blood cells, Blood storage: 300m
lymph nodes
Facilitate maturation of lymphocytes, transport lymphatic fluid back to the circulation, cleanse the lymphatic fluid of microorganisms and
foreign particles
mononuclear phagocyte system (MPS)
The MPS consists of a line of cells that
originate in the bone marrow, are transported into the bloodstream, differentiate into monocytes, and settle in the tissues as mature macrophages, cells of the MPS ingest and destroy
microorganisms and foreign material, the MPS is mostly the liver and spleen
hematopoiesis
Hematopoiesis is the process of blood cell
production. has two stages: 1)Mitosis- mitosis stops before the cell enters the peripheral blood 2)Maturation and differentiation
bone marrow
Also called myeloid tissue, Red (active) and yellow (inactive) bone marrow, Adult active bone marrow areas; Pelvic bones (34%) Vertebrae Cranium and mandible Sternum and ribs Humerus Femur
stem cell system
Pluripotent stem cells, Colony-stimulating factors, Marginating storage pools- Primarily consist of neutrophils
erythropoietin
hormone that stimulates erythrocyte production
erythropoiesis
Erythrocytes are derived from erythroblasts
(normoblasts), Maturation is stimulated by erythropoietin, Erythropoietin causes an increase in red cell production and release from bone marrow
proerythroblasts
committed into producing cells of the erythroid series
erythroblast
eliminates most intracellular structures
reticulocyte
contains mesh like network of ribosomal RNA
hemoglobin
oxygen carrying protein of the erythrocyte, hemoglobin packed blood cells take up oxygen in the lungs and exchange it for CO2 in the tissues. A single erythrocyte can contain as many as 300 hemoglobin molecules
Heme
large flat iron disk that can carry one molecule of oxygen.
protoporphyrin
a complex four ringed molecule is produced and bound with ferrous iron. crucial that iron must be correctly charged.
transferrin
a glycoprotein synthesized primarily by the liver but also by tissue macrophages, submaxillary and mammary glands and ovaries/testes.
hemostasis
means arrest of bleeding
role of platelets
1) Contribute to regulation of blood flow into a damaged
site
2) Initiate platelet-to-platelet interactions resulting in
formation of a platelet plug
3) Activate the coagulation (or clotting) cascade
4) Initiate repair processes, including clot retraction and
clot dissolution (fibrinolysis)
intrinsic pathway
Activated when factor XII (Hageman factor) contacts
subendothelial substances exposed by vascular injury
extrinsic pathway
Activated when tissue factor (TF) (tissue
thromboplastin) is released by damaged endothelial cells
fibrinolytic system
Plasminogen and plasmin, Fibrin degradation products
D dimers
Fragment D-dimer; Fibrin Degradation Fragment
• D-dimer tests are used to help rule out the presence of an inappropriate blood clot (thrombus). Some of the conditions that the D-dimer test is used to help rule out include:
• Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) • Pulmonary embolism (PE)
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