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Mid Term Review - World History

Terms in this set (61)

Factors that led to European exploration
Major powers sought new routes to overcome overland Italian monopoly
New Technolgoies
Muslim Understanding of winds and currents
Goal to Spread Catholicism
Sought Gold, Silver and Spices
New technologies that helped spur on exploration
Caravel (ship)
Compass (longitude)
Chinese Astrolabe (latitude)
Prince Henry the Navigator
(1394-1460) Prince of Portugal who established an observatory and school of navigation at Sagres and directed voyages that spurred the growth of Portugal's colonial empire.
Vasco da Gama
Portuguese explorer. In 1497-1498 he led the first naval expedition from Europe to sail to India, opening an important commercial sea route.
Treaty of Tordesillas (1494)
An agreement between Portugal and Spain which declared that newly discovered lands to the west of an imaginary line in the Atlantic Ocean would belong to Spain and newly discovered lands to the east of the line would belong to Portugal. Use to resolve disputes and war between the two European powers.
Ferdinand Magellan
Portuguese navigator who led the Spanish expedition of 1519-1522 that was the first to sail around the world. His crew complete the journey but he was killed by natives in the Philippines.
Zheng He
(1371-1433?) Chinese naval explorer who sailed along most of the coast of Asia, Japan, and half way down the east coast of Africa before his death.
Columbian Exchange
The exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and technologies between the Americas and the rest of the world following Columbus's voyages.
Goods from the Americas to Europe during the columbian exchange
Potatoes, Tomatoes, Tobacco, Avocado, Maize (Corn)
Turkey
STD's
Goods from Europe to the Americas during the Columbian Exchanage
Disease - Smallpox, measels
Cattle, Wheat, Grapes
Horses - Helped nomadic groups hunt and travel
Rats, mosquitoes led to environmental stresses
Positive effects of the Columbian Exchange
(1) European heath was improved with the introduction of nutritious staple foods like corn and the Potato. They gained better food, They Lived longer, and the Population increased.
(2) The Europeans gained great wealth from mercantilism, trade, and new supplies of gold!
3) Native Americans used horses for transportation and cattle for moving goods and food sources.
Encomienda System
A system whereby the Spanish crown granted the conquerors the right to forcibly employ groups of Indians; it was a disguised form of slavery.
Bartolome de Las Casas
First bishop of Chiapas, in southern Mexico. He devoted most of his life to protecting Amerindian peoples from exploitation. His major achievement was the New Laws of 1542, which limited the ability of Spanish settlers to compel Amerindians to labor.
Juan de Sepulveda
Spaniard who supported the Spanish Empire's right of conquest and colonization in the New World. He also argued in favor of the Christianize of Native Americans.
Francisco Pizzaro (Spain)
Conquered the Incas in Peru
Examples of Cultural Assimilation as a result of European Exploration
Spanish and Portuguese language and religion adopted by native people. Some indigenous languages remain (Guatemala)
Natives adopted Christianity but maintained some beliefs/traditions
Spanish adopted Native customs and innovations
Farming, irrigation
Religious practices- Day of the Dead - Dia de los Muertos / All Saints Day
Spanish social hierarchy in the Americas
Peninsulares - Born in Spain
Creoles - Europeans born in America
Castas

Mixed race -
Mestizos (spanish/american)
Mulatto (African/Spanish)
Zambos (African/Indian)
Portuguese Exploration
Due to advancements in sailing technology the Portuguese were able to sail down the coast of Africa and open trade of gold and slaves, settle and make plantations and eventually found a trade route through the indian ocean to the Asia.C
Christopher Columbus (1451-1506)
The Italian sailor who persuaded King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella of Spain to fund his expedition across the Atlantic to discover a new trade route to Asia. Instead of arriving at China or Japan, he reached the Bahamas in 1492. His voyages opened the door to further exploration of the Americas and the destruction of the local native population including the Taino people of the Dominican Republic and Cuba.
Achievements and contributions of Mayas
astronomical observatories, accurate calendar,
understanding of mathematics, use of zero, corbel vault
Achievements and contributions of the Aztecs
chinampas, causeways, solar calendar, stone temples, pictographs
Achievements and contributions of the Incas
system of roads, suspension bridges, terraces, irrigation canals, trephination, stone buildings
Factors that led to Cortes conquering of the Aztecs
Cortes relied on alliances with Native groups who were enemies of the Aztecs, superior weaponry, the Aztec belief that Cortes was a god, and disease.
Socrates
Greek Philosopher who promoted the idea of questioning to achieve knowledge and truth. The father of the Socratic Seminar. Like his student Plato, Socrates was a critic of democracy and believed the best government was one ruled by a philosopher king who was educated and used reason, logic and questioning to make decisions for the good of the people without checks and balances
How was government in Athens, Greece democratic?
Only male citizens could vote and through a lottery system, they could participate in the council of 500 which was similar to our Congress. They could also serve on juries. It was known as a direct democracy.
Describe religion in Ancient Rome
The Ancient Romans were polytheistic and based their deities on the Greek God system. The Romans were tolerant of other religions as long as other religious groups paid taxes and performed military service. Christians and Jews experienced violent persecution due to the fact that these groups did not conform to the culture and customs of Ancient Rome.
Key characteristics of Islamic Empires
Originated on the Arabian Peninsula
Located along important trade routes
Abbasids and Ummayad empires provided religious toleration to conquered peoples as long as those people paid a tax and performed military service. Ummayad Empire extended as far as Spain.
Islam
Established by Mohammad in the 6th Century C.E
Caravan manager with contact with jews, Christians
Revelations from God (Allah) written into the Quran.
Criticized polytheism, tribalism, called for social justice, helping the poor
Prophet / Not divine
Beliefs are known as the 5 pillars.
Accomplishments of the Islamic empires
Islamic Architecture and it's spread to Spain and Africa
Scholars saved Greek Classics and translated them into Arabic
Merchants and Missionaries spread Asian math texts, Chinese paper making
Transfer of learning to Europe
Mansa Musa
Spread Islam
Religious schools, mosques
Wealthiest human in history due to gold and salt trade with Africa, the Middle East and Europe
Key Trade Routes during the early 5th and 6th Centuries
Silk roads transported goods from Asia (China and India) to the Middle east and then to Europe and the Old Roman Empire

Trans-Sahara Trade - Trade routes throughout northern and central Africa in which traders used
Camels, the Saddle to trade Gold, ivory, slaves
Connected West Africa with Middle East and Asia

Indian Ocean Trade - Sea routes that helped Indian and Chinese traders access markets in eastern and southern Africa and the Middle East.
Patriarchy
a system of society or government in which the father or eldest male is head of the family and descent is traced through the male line.
a system of society or government in which men hold the power and women are largely excluded from it.
examples of Patriarchy in early cultures
Greek and Roman women could not vote or hold positions in government

Under Confucianism, Chinese women were seen as inferior. Foot Binding was a custom that reinforced patriarchy

Mongol women had more rights and roles including fighting and riding but overall they lacked the political influence and were part of a culture that promoted polygamy.
Positive effects of the Mongols
Spread Islam and Buddhism throughout Asia and the Middle East

Enhanced and promoted trade by protecting and safe guarding the silk roads

Military advancements like siege devices (battering rams) were adopted by the Mongols when their conquered people and were then spread further east and utilized by future European armies.

promoted cultural toleration of conquered people.

Established a postal or messenger system.
Feudalism
A political system in which nobles are granted the use of lands that legally belong to their king, in exchange for their loyalty, military service, and protection of the people who live on the land
The black plague
A disease that engulfed Europe during the Middle Ages. It killed about one-third of the population and was carried by fleas. Because of this, the feudal system died out and was replaced by growing free enterprise or early capitalism. Mongol trade helped spread the disease from India and china and into the Middle East, where it eventually spread to Europe on trade ships and caravans.
Confucianism
The system of ethics, education, and statesmanship taught by Confucius and his disciples, stressing love for humanity, ancestor worship, reverence for parents, and harmony in thought and conduct.
Daoism
A religion in China which emphasizes the removal from society and to become one with nature.
Buddhism
Belief system that started in India in the 500s BC. Happiness can be achieved through removal of one's desires. Believers seek enlightenment and the overcoming of suffering.
Hinduism
A religion and philosophy developed in ancient India, characterized by a belief in reincarnation and a supreme being who takes many forms
Religions that influenced Islam
Judaism, Christianity and Persian Zoroastrianism.
Crusades
A series of holy wars from 1096-1270 AD undertaken by European Christians to free the Holy Land from Muslim rule.
Effects of the Crusades
• cultural diffusion between Europeans & Muslims
• trade between Europe and Middle East
The transfer or Arabic knowledge in math and science from the Middle East to Europe.
Mongols
People from Central Asia when united ended up creating the largest single land empire in history.
Ummayad
A dynasty of Sunni caliphs that ruled the Muslim empire until 750 ; They directed the conquests that extended Arab rule from Spain and Morocco to the Indus River Valley
Sunni
A branch of Islam whose members acknowledge the first four caliphs as the rightful successors of Muhammad. Largest group of Islamic people.
Shia
the branch of Islam whose members acknowledge Ali and his descendants as the rightful successors of Muhammad
Judaism
A religion with a belief in one god. It originated with Abraham and the Hebrew people. Yahweh was responsible for the world and everything within it. They preserved their early history in the Old Testament.
Zoroastrianism
One of the first monotheistic religions, particularly one with a wide following. It was central to the political and religious culture of ancient Persia.
Ashoka the Great
Emperor of India during the Mauryan dynasty. Helped establish Buddhism in India. Edicts of Ashoka established a code or law that reinforced Buddhist principles
Foot binding
Practice in Chinese society to mutilate women's feet in order to make them smaller; produced pain and restricted women's movement; made it easier to confine women to the household. Reinforced Patriarchy in China.
Zimbabwe and Great Zimbabwe
a country of southern Africa. Various Bantu peoples migrated into the area during the first millennium, displacing the earlier San inhabitants.

A stone-walled enclosure found in Southeast Africa. Have been associated with trade, farming, and mining.
Charlemagne
800 AD crowned by the Pope as the head of the Holy Roman Empire, which extended from northern Spain to western Germany and northern Italy. His palace was at Aachen in central Europe
Constantine
(274 CE - 337 CE) Roman Emperor between 306 CE and 337 CE. He issued the Edict of Milan which outlawed the persecution of Christians and legalized christianity. He also founded the city of Constantinople, the future capital of the Byzantine Empire.
William the Conqueror
duke of Normandy who led the Norman invasion of England and became the first Norman to be King of England. One of the earliest kings of England
Parliament
Britain's law-making assembly
Magna Carta
a document constituting a fundamental guarantee of rights and privileges. Purpose was the check the power of William the Conqueror, one of the early Kings of England
Byzantine Empire
Eastern half of the Roman Empire that survived the fall of the Western half. Ruled first by Constantine. It's capital was Constantinople
Constantinople
A large and wealthy city that was the imperial capital of the Byzantine empire and later the Ottoman empire, now known as Istanbul. One of the largest trading centers in the world at the beginning of the common era (C.E)
Alexander the Great
Between 334 and 323 B.C.E. he conquered the Persian Empire, reached the Indus Valley, founded many Greek-style cities, and spread Greek culture across the Middle East.
Roman Impact on our world today
architecture, religion, calendar, republican form of government, codified or written laws,
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