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Contemporary Linguistics: Chapter 10

Terms in this set (55)

bilingualism
the state of processing knowledge of two languages; the discipline devoted to the study of the simultaneous acquisition of two languages by children
fossilized
characteristic of an interlanguage grammar that has reached a plateau (ex: ceased to improve)
interlanguage (IL)
the changing grammatical system that an L2 learner is using at a particular period in his or her acquisition of a second language as he or she moves toward proficiency in the target language
second language acquisition (SLA)
the acquisition of a language that is not one's native language
transfer
the process by which the first language (L1) influences the interlanguage grammar of the learner of a second language
communicative competence
a speaker's underlying knowledge of the linguistic and social rules or principles for language production and comprehension in particular speech situations
competence
the mental system that underlies a person's ability to speak and understand a given language; distinguished from performance
grammatical competence
competence in the structural aspects at or below the sentence level
ilocutionary competence
the ability to understand a speaker's intent and to produce a variety of forms to convey intent
ilocutionary force
the intented meaning of an utterance
performance
actual language use in particular situations
sociolinuistic competence
the ability to understand and produce a variety of social dialects in appropriate circumstances
target
in second language acquisition, the language the learner is learning
textual competence
competence in the organization of language beyond the sentence
developmental sequence
the stages of linguistic development that are relatively invariant across language learners
direct negative evidence
language instruction involving connection or focus on form
Impaired Representation Hypothesis
the hypothesis that states that second language learners who produce errors lack an underlying representation of the structure in which they have produced errors
indirect negative evidence
the assumption that nonoccurring structures in the linguistic environment are ungrammatical
marked
occurring less commonly in world lanugaes
markedness
the quality of being relatively complex or rare in world languages
Markedness Differential Hypothesis
the hypothesis that L2 elements that are different and more marked than the L1 elements will cause diffiulty in learning L2
Missing Surface Inflection Hypothesis
the hypothesis that states that second language learners who produce errors may actually have correct underlying representations for the structure in which they have made errors but have difficulty mapping these underlying representations to their surface forms
negative evidence
information as to the ungrammatical nature of utterances
Null Subject Parameter
a cross-linguistic variation that allows some languages to drop subject pronouns while other languages require an overt grammatical subject
positive evidence
grammatical utterances in the learner's linguistic environment
Similarity Differential Rate Hypothesis
the hypothesis that claims that the rates of acquisition for dissimilar phenomena in two languges are faster than for similar phenomena
Subset Principle
the initial or default setting of a parameter will correspond to the option that permits fewer patterns
unmarked
tending to be relatively common in world languages and/or less complex
Verb Movement Parameter
a crosslinguistic variation involving whether the verb does or does not raise to I
accuracy
second language production in which the structures are nativelike
affective factors
feelings or attitudes that can affect the succes of second language acquisition (ex: motivation)
cognitive style
the way in which we are predisposed to process information in our environment
communication strategies
strategies used by L2 learners when they are lacking the necessary linguistic knowledge to say what they want to say (ex: paraphrasing)
Critical Period Hypothesis
the hypothesis that achievement of nativelike proficiency in a second language depends on age of acquisition and is rarely attainable unless the learner begins second language acquisition during the critical period
field dependence
a learning style in which the learner operates holistically, preceiving the field as a whole rather than in terms of its component parts
field independence
a learning style in which the learner operates analytically, perceiving the field in terms of its component parts rather than as a whole
fluency
second language speech that is produced automatically and without noticeable hesitation
instrumental (motivation)
the desire to achieve proficiency in a new language for utilitarian reasons, such as a job promotion
integrative (motivation)
the desire to achieve higher proficiency in a new language in order to participate in the social life of the community that speaks the language
learning strategies
the activities in which language learners engage to help them develop linguistic knowledge
comprehensible input
the linguistic input to which the L2 learner is exposed that is slightly beyond his or her competence in the target language (i + 1)
focus on form
in second language teaching, the practice of giving explicit instruction about the second language and overtly correcting errors
foreigner talk
the type of speech that is typically addressed to second language learners, characterized by such properties as simple word order and more common vocabulary items (also called teacher talk)
recast
a repetition of a child's or second language learner's utterance that includes adjustments to its form and/or content
teacher talk
the type of speech that is typically addressed to second language learners, characterized by such properties as simple word order and more common vocabulary items (also called foreigner talk)
developmental bilingual education
an education program for language minority students usually lasting throughout elementary school in which language proficiency and literacy in both the minority language and the majority language are promoted
dual-language programs
educational programs that provide instruction in two languages for language minority students and language majority students together (also called two-way immersion programs)
English language learners (ELLs)
nonnative speakers of English, particuarly used for those in U.S. schools (previously known as Limited English Proficient (LEP) students)
heritage language programs
educational programs designed to preserve, maintain, or revive the ancestral languages of indigenous peoples, immigrants, or refugees in the United States
language nest
an educational program for preschoolers in which a (usually endangered) minority language is used exclusively
newcomer programs
programs designed to provide intensive language instruction, literacy development, and cultural orientation for English language learners who arrive in U.S. schools with very low-level skills in English and/or little previous experience in school
one-way bilingual education
an educational program in which language minority students are offered instruction in their first language and the majority language
sheltered instruction
a type of English as a second language (ESL) program that combines English language instruction with instruction in academic content for English language learners in U.S. schools
transitional bilingual education
an education program for language minority students in which initial instruction is provided in the minority language along with the majority language, but full literacy in the minority language is not a goal
two-way immersion (TWI) programs
educational programs that provide instruction in two languages for language minority students and language majority students together (also known as dual-language programs)
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