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Transport Across Selectively Permeable Cell Membranes

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active transport

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Terms in this set (19)

active transport

Ions or molecules moving across a cell membrane against a concentration difference - requires ATP energy! The Na+/K+ ATPase pump is a famous example of active transport.

Image: active transport

passive transport

the movement of ions or molecules across a cell membrane without the use of energy by the cell. Water and gases move passively across membranes in the human body.

Image: passive transport

Movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.

Image: diffusion

diffusion of water

Image: osmosis

faciliated transport (diffusion)

passive transfer of a substance into or out of a cell along a concentration gradient by a process that requires a carrier; a great example of this is the glucose channel that allows glucose to flow down its concentration gradient.

Image: faciliated transport (diffusion)

water channel proteins - water may flow either direction through a membrane, but always down its concentration gradient.

Image: aquaporins

Voltage-gated Na+ channels

When this channel opens, Na+ flows passively INTO the cell. It only opens when the membrane potential is a little less negative than normal. It allows the cell to be "depolarized" since Na+ makes the interior of the cell briefly positive.

Image: Voltage-gated Na+ channels

Voltage-gated K+ channels

When this channel opens, K+ flows passively OUT of the cell. This causes the cell to "repolarize" after it has depolarized, since so many positive ions are leaving the cell.

Image: Voltage-gated K+ channels

Glucose Channel

Membrane channel that only opens when insulin is bound to a peripheral receptor. When it opens, glucose flows passively into the cell.

Image: Glucose Channel

isotonic solution

A solution with the same concentration of water and solutes as inside a cell, resulting in the cell retaining its normal shape because there is no net movement of water.

Image: isotonic solution

hypertonic solution

A solution in which the concentration of solutes is greater than that of the cell -- water can flow freely, so it will flow OUT of the cell (via osmosis) to balance out the concentrations since ions can't flow freely. Cells, especially brain cells and red blood cells, shrink (called crenation) under these conditions.

Image: hypertonic solution

hypotonic solution

A solution in which the concentration of solutes is less than that of the cell -- water can flow freely, so it will flow INTO of the cell (via osmosis) to balance out the concentrations since ions can't flow freely. Cells, especially brain cells and red blood cells, swell under these conditions. RBCs may even burst!

Image: hypotonic solution

What is the concentration of Na+ in human blood?

Image: What is the concentration of Na+ in human blood?

How do oxygen and carbon dioxide go through cell membranes?

These small molecules diffuse through cell membranes according to their concentration gradient. This means oxygen enters the blood in the lungs, and carbon dioxide enters the lungs from the blood.

Use the root words to define intracellular, extracellular, and intercellular. How about intermolecular forces?

intracellular = "inside the cell" extracellular = "outside the cell". Intercellular = between cells
Intermolecular forces are those "between" molecules.