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Diabetes

Terms in this set (85)

Diabetes Mellitus
A relative or absolute lack of insulin. Result: hyperglycemia and tissue/organ damage
Comparison of type 1 and type 2
diabetes. (no longer relevant)
The pancreas
a. duct gland (exocrine): produces digestive enzymes
b. ductless (endocrine): produces insulin, glucagon
and other hormones
(Note: Glucagon raises blood sugar)
...
The American Diabetes Association (ADA)
recognizes four clinical classifications of
diabetes:
1.Type 1 diabetes (formerly insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, or juvenile)
2. Type 2 diabetes (formerly non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus, or adult-onset)
3. Gestational diabetes (GDM)
4. Diabetes due to other causes (e.g., genetic defects or medication-induced)
Type 1 diabetes (DM Type 1)
•The disease is characterized by an absolute deficiency of insulin caused by massive β-cell necrosis.
•Loss of β-cell function is thought to involve autoimmune-mediated processes directed against the β-cell, and it may be triggered by an invasion of viruses or the action of chemical toxins or environmental factors.
Type 1 diabetic shows classic symptoms of insulin
deficiency
polydipsia (excessive thirst), polyphagia (excessive hunger) polyuria, and weight loss).
Type 1 diabetics requires...
exogenous insulin to avoid the catabolic state that results from and is characterized by hyperglycemia and life-threatening ketoacidosis.
Type 2 diabetes (DM T2)
•Cause: The pancreas retains some β-cell function, but
variable insulin secretion is insufficient to maintain
glucose homeostasis.
Treatment: The goal in treating DM T2
is to maintain blood glucose concentrations within normal limits and to prevent development of long-term complications of the disease.
-Weight reduction, exercise, & dietary modification decrease insulin resistance & can correct the hyperglycemia of DM T2
Gestational diabetes (GDM)
Occurs in women without previously diagnosed diabetes who exhibit high blood glucose levels during pregnancy
Gestational diabetes (GDM)
Possible cause: hormones produced during pregnancy increase insulin resistance.
•Linked to large birth weight (macrosomia)
•Most patients are treated with diet modification and
moderate exercise
•Some require Insulin#1 or low dose Glyburide#2, Metformin#3
Diagnostic Criteria for Diabetes Mellitus
Symptoms of diabetes plus casual (random) plasma
glucose concentration > 200 mg/dL. During 3 occasions
Diagnostic Criteria for Diabetes Mellitus
Or a fasting plasma glucose:
(Also known as FBS: >126 mg/dL)
Diagnostic Criteria for Diabetes Mellitus
Or 2-hour plasma glucose >200 mg/dL during an
OGTT (Oral Glucose Tolerance Test.) Used during pregnancy
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