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geog 50

Terms in this set (61)

place
tied to a sense of belonging & attachment, unique from others
space
a built environment
what are the two main branches of geography?
physical (patterns of climate,landforms,etc) and human (spatial existence)
cartography
The science of making maps
GISc (Geographic Information Science)
presents geographic data in the form of interactive maps
human geography
how the economic, social, and cultural practices of people shape the world
economic geography
how the economy is spaced out over scales and how it changes over time/space
political geography
how political power is created/maintained over space
environmental geography
how nature & society is connected
What are the distortions of the Mercator Projection?
northern hemisphere is disproportionately larger
cartogram
a map that purposefully distorts areas to represent statistics
North-south divide
the economic division between wealthier/developed nations (the North) and poorer/undeveloped nations (the South)
globalization
the growth of worldwide linkages and how they change daily life
capitalism
means of production are privately owned, contains competitive markets, is profit-driven, and driven by expansion and progress
neolibralism
favors free-market capitalism (privatization, down-sizing government, expanding international markets)
political economy
how political institutions, the political environment, and economic systems influence each other
state sovereignty
The state has the political power to govern itself rather than the federal government
push-pull forces of migration
Factors that either push people from their homelands (unemployment), or pull migrants to certain locations (freedom).
cultural diversity
Merging of different cultural practices in local spaces from the movement of people
programmed obsolescence
a policy of planning/designing a product with a limited useful life, so it will become obsolete (i.e. unfashionable or no longer functional after a certain period of time)

iPhones require much energy to make but only have a short lifespan
e-waste
discarded electronic equipment, poses great risks to workers (exposure to metals), bad for the environment (toxins runoff)
holocene
the former geologic epoch (indicated by significant changes in the rock layers)
anthropocene
the current geologic epoch (marked by nuclear waste), resulting from the impacts of an industrialized society, coterminous with imperialism
5 proposed origins of the Anthropocene
1. agriculturalization (human/animal waste, methane from livestock, burning grass)

2. orbis spike (genocide of native americans = less CO2 and more forests)

3. industrialization (increased CO2 from technology)

4. nuclearization (radioactivity from bomb tests)

5. the great acceleration (post-WWII social and economic acceleration)
the paradox of the anthropocene
we are able to manipulate nature, but we can't control these changes to the world
carrying capacity
the maximum number of people that could be supported on a given piece of land
cash economy
an economic system where workers are paid in money
subsistence economy
a family produces most of its own food/clothing/shelter
democratization
a political system guided by competitive elections, increased political freedoms
demographic transition
Shift to low birth/death rates, cash economy, urbanization
domestication
using selective breeding to use plants/animals for food, etc
ecological footprint
amount of land necessary to support a person/population
ethnic cleansing
removal of an ethnic group by forced migration
fair trade
provides a fair price to producers and upholds environmental and safety standards in the workplace (alt. to free trade)
food security
the ability of a society to supply enough basic food to its population
formal economy
The legal economy that is documented
free trade
the unrestricted international exchange of goods, services, and capital (no tariffs, quotas, etc)
gender roles
sets of behavioral norms assumed to accompany one's status as male or female
Genetic Modification (GM)
splicing together genes from other species to create certain characteristics
Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per capita
all goods and services produced divided by the # of people in the country
Gross National Income (GNI) per capita
GDP plus net income received from overseas divided by # of people
human well-being
the extent to which people are able to obtain a healthy and safe life
informal economy
Economic activity that is not officially recorded
Kyoto Protocol
an amendment to the UN global warming treaty for scheduled reductions in CO2 emissions
Less Developed Country (LDC)
labor-intensive, low-wage economies based on agriculture, manufacturing, and service
More Developed Country (MDC)
have highly skilled mechanized production or knowledge-based service and technology industries
population pyramid
shows the distribution of various age groups in a population per gender
primary sector
economic activity based on extraction (mining, fishing, forestry agriculture)
Purchasing Power Parity (PPP)
the amount that the local currency equivalent of 1 USD will purchase in a given country

GNI PPP = measure of well-being
Rate of natural increase (RNI)
population growth rate, number of people born minus dying
ring of fire
the tectonic plate junctures around the edges of the Pacific Ocean and are characterized by volcanoes and earthquakes
secondary sector
economic activity based on industrial production (processing, manufacturing, and construction)
structural adjustment
imposed on countries seeking loans and requires them to remove trade-restricting regulations, privatize government, and reduce government services
sustainable agriculture
farming that meets human needs without poisoning the environment or using up water and soil resources
Sustainable Development
improving current living standards in ways that will not jeopardize those of future generations
teriary sector
economic activity based on services (sales, entertainment, and financial)
United Nations Gender Development Index (GDI) rank
the degree to which women and men are equal (based on longevity, education, income)

measures well-being
United Nation Human Development Index (HDI)
measures income adjusted to PPP, life expectancy at birth, and education

measure of well-being
virtual water
water required to produce, process, and deliver a good or service that a person consumes
water footprint
a person's domestic water consumption (water used for drinking, cooking, cleaning, etc.) combined with their virtual water consumption
World Trade Organization (WTO)
promotes international/free trade
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