Unit test Apush chapter 24-29

After the Civil War America set out on building a vast network of rail roads to improve the transportation of good, people, and communications across the nation
These railroads helped to populate the west (plains region) and were the largest industry at the turn of the 1900s •big growth - 1865 35,000 miles - 1900 192,556 miles of track
•loans to R.R. companies plus land U.S. government 155.5 million acres - Western states gave R.R. companies another 49 million/ 1 mile square checkerboard
•the government was criticized for the give-away but the government got good rates for the mail and military transport
•the government had more land than money
•R.R. often sold the land for $3.00 an acre
•The R.R. often blackmailed towns have the R.R. go through their town
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After the Civil War America set out on building a vast network of rail roads to improve the transportation of good, people, and communications across the nation
These railroads helped to populate the west (plains region) and were the largest industry at the turn of the 1900s •big growth - 1865 35,000 miles - 1900 192,556 miles of track
•loans to R.R. companies plus land U.S. government 155.5 million acres - Western states gave R.R. companies another 49 million/ 1 mile square checkerboard
•the government was criticized for the give-away but the government got good rates for the mail and military transport
•the government had more land than money
•R.R. often sold the land for $3.00 an acre
•The R.R. often blackmailed towns have the R.R. go through their town
Railroads
Andrew Carnegie was the leader of the ___________ industry in the last half of the 1800s and early 1900s.
His use of the Bessemer process produced a stronger and less expensive steel and revolutionized the ________ industry.
_________was the building block of the industrial age. Carnegie built his business empire through vertical integration.
Steel industry and andrew carnegie
Scottish immigrant - bobbin boy in a mill in 1848
•later he worked as a clerk for a railroad company - he moved-up in the company and gained modest wealth
•he invested in a steel industry in 1873 and slowly he dominated the market
•______________used vertical monopoly to control all aspects of the steel industry including: iron ore and coal mines, ships and trains that transported the products, mills and retail outlets
• by 1901 ______________ company controlled 2/3 of the nation's steel production
•by 1901 ______________income, from just his steel company, was $25 million
•______________ sold his company to J.P. Morgan in 1901 for 400 million dollars - the company became U.S. Steel and did one billion dollars worth of business a year _______________ was a philanthropist who gave the majority of his money away- 60 million was given to develop libraries throughout the us
He gave very little money to his children he felt that massive wealth would totally ruin their lives
Andrew Carnegie
John D. Rockefeller was the leader of the _____ industry in the last half of the 1800s and early 1900s
He developed his _____ empire through horizontal integration and eliminated all competition.
He created a near monopoly in the _____ industry through the development of trusts.
Standard oil and John d Rockefeller
started in business at the age of 19 working for the produce commission who supplied the Union army during the Civil War
•after the Civil War he opened a small oil refinery - it prospered and in 1870 he started the Standard Oil Company
•by 1877 he controlled 95% of oil refining in the U.S.
•____________ used both vertical and horizontal monopolies to drive competitors out of business
•____________ then used his massive wealth to be one of the dominate figures in the stock market
•at his peak, his individual worth was over $1 billion dollars
John d Rockefeller
a business agreement where controlling shares of a business are owned by a "board of trustees."
A ________ often controls several business with in an industry there by creating a near monopoly.
For example, U.S. Steel was a _______ company created by Andrew Carnegie. U.S. Steel did not produce steel, they controlling shares in most of the steel companies that did produce steel
Trust
Under a ________ agreement, stockholders in individual corporations transferred their stocks to a small group of trustees in exchange for shares in the _________. Stockholders had no control, they simply received shares of the profits.
•In 1913 J.P. Morgan's and Rockefeller's ______ were worth $22 billion dollars.
•State efforts to control the ______did not work.
•The federal government produced the Sherman Anti-_______ Act of 1880 - it forbid combinations in restraint of trade. It really wasn't effective but was effectively used to stop the formation of unions
Trusts pt 2
exclusive control of a product or service in a particular market, or a control that makes possible the manipulation of prices
Monopoly
You control all phases of production from the raw material to the finished product
Vertical integration
Buy out your competition until you have control of a single area of industry
Horizontal integration
inventor of the electric light bulb, an electric supply system (DC), the motion picture camera, and the phonograph just to name a few of his inventions during the Industrial Revolution. His inventions lead to an increase of rural towns, the use of electricity in factories, and an increase in family leisure time.Thomas edisonEllis island was the center of European immigration in the east coast, while angel island was the main port or Asian immigration on the west coast. These processing centers created huge obstacles and trials for most immigrants due to the lack of compassion of their ethnicity and the many examinations they went throughEllis island and angel islandimmigrants to the U.S. that came from southern and eastern Europe rather than northern and western Europe. The new immigrants had a vastly different cultural identity that led to a much harsher treatment by American society Before the 1880s, most of the immigrants originated from western Europe. ⦿However, entering the 1880s, a new wave immigrants were coming from southeastern Europe, which became known as the "new immigration." ⦿Italians, Croats, Slovaks, Greeks, Poles (Many were Jewish) - Southern and Eastern Europe No room in Europe ⦿Thanks to increase in population in Europe due to supplies of Fish and grain from America ⦿60 million left Europe in the 19th and early 20th C - ½ come to the US. ⦿"American Fever" = Pull theory. "American letters" sent by friends and relatives to Europe to "pull" others. ⦿To Seek Industrial Jobs ⦿Jewish persecution in Europe/RussiaNew immigrationAs a result of little government support toward the new immigrants, many of the new immigrants had to seek help from bosses, like Boss Tweed, who would provide support them with jobs and even political support. ⦿Many in the US tried to preserve their culture - Catholic schools, restaurants, social clubs, newspapers - but in many ways adapted to life in the US - speaking English Gradually, the world's conscience took off, starting a new wave of progressivism. ⦿"Social Gospel" advocated that the churches ought to take charge of the much needed reform in the urban streets. ⦿From this grew the Hull House. It was found by Jane Addams, and it was dedicated to teach both children and adults the knowledge needed to survive in America.Reaction to new immigrationNativists of the 1840s toward the Irish and Germans were revived but redirected to the "new immigration" of those from E. Europe. ⦿Anti-foreign organization like the American Protective Association (APA) arose to go against immigration of the time. Labor leaders were quick to support this. ⦿Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 was introduced during this age. It was the first official US document to have excluded an ethnic groupNarrowing the welcome mata distrust, dislike, and prejudges against immigrants, especially the Chinese and eastern and southern European immigrants of the late 19th century. Not only did these "new immigrants" look and behave differently, they also worked for less money than American workers and the lived in ethnic islands or enclaves rather than assimilating into American societyAnti immigration sentimentA law written to restrict the immigration of the Chinese into the U.S. This law was created to promote the use of American labor (Hiring of American workers) by limiting Chinese immigration thus preventing the use of Chinese as a source of cheap labor.Chinese exclusion act (1882)The average income in the U.S. in 1900 was between $400-$500 a year when $600 was considered the poverty line. Most people had no life or health insurance, there was no such thing as workman's compensation or social security. •Big companies were tough on individual workers., Government authorities normally sided with big companies. The companies used lockouts, control of courts and the company store concept to control workers. The average middle-class American didn't seem to mind big business manipulating things for their advantage but they had little toleration for labor unions labor unions increased during the civil war in the north because the economy was good and there was a high demand for labor. After the civil war the national labor union started in 1866 it grew to some 600000 but it "died" six years later when the nation was in a depressionUnionsSamuel Gompers was the first and longest-serving president of the American Federation of Labor (AFL); it is to him, as much as to anyone else, that the American labor movement owes its structure and characteristic strategies. Under his leadership, the AFL became the largest and most influential labor federation (union) in the world.American federation of labor and Samuel GompersWorkers at the Pullman palace car company went on strike when George Pullman powered wages but didn't lower the cost of rent. This strike highlighted the control that " big business" had on the federal government by sending in the national guard to put down the strikersPullman strikemade up a majority of the Central Pacific workforce that built the transcontinental railroad east from California. Chinese labor was used because it was the cheapest form of labor available on the west coast. This immigrant labor force was highly discriminated against and resented due to the fact that they were taking jobs away from the American work force.Chinese laboris as a "symbol of growth" because it helped open up the west for settlement. This first "transcontinental" railroad was built by the Central Pacific and Union Pacific railroad companies. While the Central Pacific Railroad used mainly Chinese immigrant labor the Union Pacific used mainly Irish immigrant labor. The rails they laid eventually met track set down by the Union Pacific, which worked westward. On May 10, 1869, the golden spike was hammered in at Promontory, UtahTranscontinental railroadstarted in 1862 •Union Pacific build westward from Omaha, Nebraska •Central Pacific build eastward from Sacramento, California •the companies received 20 square miles of land for each mile of track •$16,000 - $48,000 per mile loan for each company depending on how rough the land was •the Union Pacific used Irish laborers and the Central Pacific used Chinese •the railroad was joined at Promitory Point Utah May 10, 1869 •he railroad increased settlement of the West and increased trade with AsiaTranscontinental railroad pt 2a U.S. law that provided 160 acres in the West to any citizen who was head of household and would cultivate the land for five years. This law led to a record numbers of U.S. settlers claiming private property which previously had been reserved by treaty and by tradition for Native American nomadic dwelling and use.Homestead act of 1862160 acres of free land for white settlers •live their five years, improve the land, pay a nominal fee ($30) •or pay $1.25 an acre with 6 months of residence •over 500,000 families took the offer •160 acres not enough land on the plains for a farm •much dishonesty - land grab for speculatorsThe homestead act of 1862 pt 2Disputes over land in the western United States (the plains) caused conflict between Native Americans and U.S. citizens and was a factor leading to the Battle of Wounded Knee. Chief Sitting Bull was killed at this battle barbed wire fencing was a bi g part of this to get Indians off their landPlains Indians, wounded knee, and sitting bullsome of the tribes in this area included Sioux, Cheyenne, Pawnees, Crows, Chippewas, and Kiowas •nomadic life style in pursuit of their food source - the buffalo •wild horses from Spanish stock - skilled riders •tepees - easily moved - trovois - (trailing poles from horses) •removal of the Indian was estimated at $1,000 an Indian •several things helped the Whites survive against the Indians A. revolvers B. railroads C. telegraph Indians were also hampered by Whiteman diseases, a low toleration for alcohol, and the destruction of the buffaloThe plains Indianswere a group of writers, including the likes of Upton Sinclair, Lincoln Steffens, and Ida Tarbell, during the Progressive era (late 1800s and early 1900s) who tried to expose the problems that existed in American society as a result of the rise of big business, urbanization, and immigration. Most of the muckrakers were journalistsMuckrakersUpton Sinclair was a muckraker who wrote The Jungle. This book exposed the horrific and disgusting conditions under which immigrant labor were used to produce the meats Americans were buying. This 1904 book led to President Teddy Roosevelt leading the passage of the Federal Meat Inspection Act of 1905.Uptown Sinclair, the jungle, and the meatpacking industryIda Tarbell was a muckraker who exposed the ruthless tactics of the Standard Oil Company and its owner, J.D. Rockefeller, through a series of articles called The History of the Standard Oil Company published in McClure's Magazine in 1904Ida Tarbell and the history of standard oil companyJacob Riis was a muckraker who used photography to expose the living conditions of the immigrants and urban poor in the late 1800s. How the Other Half Lives was a photojournalistic exposé that led to the passage of many new housing laws to improve living conditions in the inner cityJacob Riis and how the other half livesJane Addams founded the Hull House in Chicago, Illinois, which was a part of the "settlement house" movement, as a way to provide services to women, the urban poor, and immigrants of the late 1800s and early 1900s.Jane Adams and the hull houseIn 1859, Darwin published the Origin of Species, which set the foundation for the theory of evolution. Rejects Dogma of Special Creations ⦿While fundamentalists were furious by this, modernists departed from the fundamentals even more, believing that the Bible with neither factual nor accurate. ⦿There was a growing number of people, like Robert Ingersoll who condemned the idea of "creation" and rather fully believed in the theory of evolution. ⦿Or: Accomadationists = Reconcile Evolution and GodDarwin disrupts the churchesBelief that in the economic world the strongest companies will survive " the growth of a large business is merely a survival of the fittest" - J. RockefellerSocial Darwinismlaws separating whites and African-Americans in public facilities and restricting their legal guarantees, such as the right to vote. The initial purpose of ___________________ were to prevent African-Americans from participating in the political process, including voting, serving in office, and participating in jury trials... later extended to include public education, transportation, and other public facilitiesJim Crow lawsthe Supreme Court case that established the principle of "Separate But Equal" and provided legal support for the Jim Crows Laws that were originally created after the Civil WarPlease v. FergusonW.E.B. Dubois was an African-American civil rights leader of the late 19th and early 20th century who helped established the ____________. The ___________ worked to end racial inequality in the United States, fight against Jim Crow Laws in the south, and help protect the civil rights of minorities.NAACP and W.E.B. DuBoispassed in 1913, allowed for the direct election of U.S. Senators which increased voting power and reduced corruption in the senate17th AmendmentThe ____________________is a period of widespread social activism and political reform across the United States that spanned from the 1890s to the 1920s.The main objectives of the Progressive movement were eliminating problems caused by industrialization, urbanization, immigration, and political corruption. The movement primarily targeted political machines and their bosses.Progressive erasome of the main reforms indicated by the Progressive Movement include the initiative, referendum, and recall to make the political process more democratic and empower votersProgressive reformswhen citizens start the law making process by proposing legislationInitiativea proposed law is placed on the ballot so the citizen can vote for or against a proposed law rather than an elected representativeReferenduma procedure for removing a public official from office (prior to e end of his elected term in office) by a vote of the people. This enables voters to get rid of politicians who were unsatisfactory, without waiting for a complete election cycleRecallA series of state and federal laws passed in the late 19th and early 20th century to end or restrict unfair,, abusive, and inhumane child labor practicesChild labor lawsconserved millions of acres of wilderness lands, particularly in western states. The movement led to the establishment of a national park system that included Yosemite in California and Yellowstone in WyomingConservation movementThe kind of expansionism the United States engaged in during the late 19th and early 20th century is called Imperialism. Imperialism is the policy of acquiring dependent territories or extending a country's influence through foreign tradeAmerican expansion and imperialismwas fought between the United States and Spain in 1898. Hostilities began in the aftermath of the internal explosion of USS Maine in Havana Harbor in Cuba, leading to U.S. intervention in the Cuban War of Independence. This war resulted in Cuba becoming a "protectorate" of the U.S. until 1934 and Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines becoming territories of the U.S.Spanish American warSpain controlled Cuba since 1500's. •Cuban people were fighting a revolution against Spanish brutality •Cubans wanted their independence from Spain •90 miles from U.S. •Protect our tradeCuban rebellionU.S. was neutral BUT much of the public supported the rebels. •Yellow Journalism: writers exaggerated or made up stories to get American readers- gains support for rebels. (Joseph Pulitzer & William Randolph Hearst) •Stories of Spanish feeding Cuban prisoners to sharks. •General Valeriano Weyler: "The Butcher" was the Spanish governor of Cuba. Put villager in "reconcentration camps" which enraged Americans. •Cuban rebels used guerilla warfare and destroyed American property in hopes it would draw in American help.America's stance•American citizens threatened by revolution in Cuba. •Pres. McKinley sent USS Maine to rescue US citizens.USS Maine•February 15, 1898, U.S.S. Maine exploded in the Havana harbor. Of 354 men, 266 died. •No one really knows why the Maine exploded. •Many Americans blamed it on Spain, because at the time Cuba was revolting for independence from Spain. •Within weeks, the U.S. is at war with Spain.Sinking of the Maine•After the Maine incident, Americans began demonstrating in the streets to go to war with Spain. •Yellow Journalism •April 19: Congress declared Cuba independent and demanded Spain remove itself, or the U.S. would use force. •April 24: Spain declared war on the U.S.U.S declares war•Spanish soldiers and Navy were not equipped to fight the U.S. in Cuba. The U.S. Navy was advanced and would be able to stop supplies. •The US Navy seized Guam. •US ground troops were inefficient and many died in unsanitary training camps. •American troops were called "Rough Riders" and led by Colonel Leonard Wood and Theodore Roosevelt was 2nd in command. •Spanish fleet ties to flee and is attacked, all ships were sunk or beached. •August 12, 1898: Spain and US agree to cease-fireThe war•Cuba given independence •Spain agrees to the annexation of Guam and Puerto Rico to U.S. •What to do with the Philippines? •US could either become imperialist or keep republican idealsWhat to do with these territoriesSupport: •Military benefit of naval base •Base serve as stop on way to market in China •American duty to teach "less civilized" how to live •Opposition: •Cost of empire would be greater than the benefits (Andrew Carnegie) •Cheap Filipino labor would decrease American wages (Samuel Gompers) •Others argued it violated American valuesAnnexation of Philippines•President McKinley annexes the Philippines. •Dec. 10, 1898: US and Spain sign Treaty of Paris •Cuba independent •Guam and Puerto Rico to US •US pays Spain 20 million for Philippines •Significance: U.S. now imperial powerDecision•1900 Foraker Act: Puerto Rico unincorporated territory of U.S. •Not US citizens •No constitutional rights •Congress pass laws it wanted for island •1917: Puerto Ricans citizens of U.S. •Debate continues today on whether to make Puerto Rico a stateWhat to do with Puerto RicoUS wanted to keep Cuba tied the US. •Platt Amendment •Cuba cannot make treaties that would interfere with their independence, or give territory to foreign power. •US would be able to buy/lease naval stations •Cuba had to keep debts low •US had right to intervene to keep order •Added to the constitution reluctantly to get US out. •Made Cuba a protectorate of U.S. until 1934 when it was repealedPlatt amendmentthe use of sensationalized and exaggerated reporting by newspapers or magazines to attract readers. This type of journalism was used to stir up anti-Spanish attitudes leading up to the Spanish-American WarYellow journalismalso referred to as the Filipino-American War, was an armed conflict between the First Philippine Republic and the United States that lasted from February 4, 1899, to July 2, 1902Philippine- American war•1904: Roosevelt adds to the Monroe Doctrine: the United States would intervene in Latin America in order to maintain political and economic stabilityRoosevelt corollaryRoosevelt's "big stick" policy: He continually wanted to display America's power to discourage nations from fighting and promote global peace."Speak softly and carry a big stick"Roosevelt saw the construction of a canal though Central America as a big step in American power. The canal would save money and time in shipping and military movement. •Connect the Atlantic and Pacific Ocean •U.S. offered Columbia $10 million and rent of $250,000 every year for control and right to build the canal, since Panama was part of Columbia. Columbia refuses the offerThe Panama CanalPanamanians resented Columbian rule and wanted the benefits of the canal. •To ensure the canal would be built, a small army staged an uprising in Panama in 1903. •Roosevelt sent ships to Panama to prevent Columbia from interfering. •After a few days, the U.S. recognizes Panama's independence and the two signed a treaty for the canal to be built. •Many Americans criticized the President for what they believed was unjustified aggressionRevolt in panamawas an extension of the Monroe doctrine, which established the US as a policing power in the western hemisphere. This foreign policy measure gave the U.S. to ability to intervene in Latin American countries such as cuba concerning economic reasons this was known as the "Big stick Policy"Roosevelt corollary to the Monroe Doctrine