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A&P Test II

Terms in this set (108)

Direct
Mechanisms of intercellular communication by ions via gap junctions
Paracrine
Mechanisms of intercellular communication by __ factors via the extracellular fluid
Endocrine
Mechanisms of intercellular communication by hormones via the blood circulatory system
Synaptic
Mechanisms of intercellular communication by neurotransmitters across neural junctions
Endocrine Glands
Hypothalamus, Pituitary Gland, Thyroid Gland, Pineal Gland, Adrenal, Parathyroid Gland, Pancrease
Endocrine Tissues in Organs
Kidneys, Liver, Heart, Intestines, Thymus, Gonads, Placenta, Adipose Tissue. LIGHTKAP
Hormones
Chemical regulators of various body functions such as growth and reproduction
Bind to specific receptors
Hormones are specific for certian target cells because hormones _________ on their target cells
Steroids
Hormones Classification: made from lipids or cholesterol (Vitamin D)
Monamines
Hormones Classification: Made from a single amino acid which is modified or repeated (Thyroid hormones)
Oligopeptides
Hormones classification: made from 3-10 amino acids (oxytocin)
Glycoproteins
Hormones classification: made from carbohydrates - proteins complexes (Luteinizing hormone)
Polypeptides
Hormones classification: made frome 14 - 199 amio acids (insulin and glucagon)
Steroids.
Hormone receptors: hormones bind to nuclear receptors associated with DNA transcription
Thyroid
Binds to cytoplasm on mitochondria/ribosome

Hormone receptors: hormones bind to cytoplasmic receptors on mitochondria or ribosome
All other hormones
Hormone receptors: hormones that bind to cell membrane receptors and activate second messenger systems
Negative feedback
Endocrine levels optimum; secretion stops

Control of Secretion: When blood level of the endocrine gland hormone reach an optimum value, it inhibits secretion of the hypothalamic and anterior pituitary hormones that stimulate the endocrine gland
Positive feeback
Endocrine levels optimum; secretion stimulation increased

Control of Secretion: when the action of an endocrine gland hormone reach an optimum level, it increases the secretion of the hormone that stimulated the action
Hypothalamic and anterior pituitary hormones
In negative feedback; when the blood level of the endocrine gland hormone reach an optimum value, it inhibits secretion of the ______ that stimulate the endocrine gland
Hypothalamus
Central area of the basal brain limbic system. It consists of a large number of nuclei that modify and control the body functions via hormones
Hypothalamic hormones**
PATCOGG

The hypothalamic hormones!*: Growth Hormone Releasing/Inhibiting Hormone
Prolacting Releasing/Inhibiting Hormone
Corticotropin Releasing/Inhibiting Hormone
Thyrotropin Releasing Hormone
Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone
Antidiuretic Hormone
Oxytocin
Pituitary gland location
Small gland that is connected to the hypothalamus by the infundibulum
Adenohypophysis
Anterior pituitary
Neurohypophysis
Posterior pituitary
Posterior pituitary.
Derived from neural brain tissue and connected to hypothalamus by the hypothalamic hypophseal tract axons
Anterior pituitary.
Derived from the ectoderaml tissue in the roof of the embryonic mouth and connects to the hypothalamus by the hypothalamic hypophyseal portal system
a) oxytocin
Target tissues for this hormone are the smooth muscles of the reproductive systems in both males and females; stimulates semen propelling during ejaculation, uterine contractions during labor, and milk ejection during nursing
a) Anti-diuretic hormone
Posterior Pituitary Hormones: target tissues are kidneys and blood vessels. Increases water reabsorption in the kidneys to increase blood volume. Causes vasoconstriction of blood vessels to increase blood pressure.
water reabsorption
Antidiuretic hormone increases _____ in the kidneys to increase blood volume
Vasoconstriction
Antidiuretic hormone causes ____ of blood vessels to increase blood pressure (opposite of what you might think)
Human Growth Hormone
Hyopthalamic: Skeletal and muscle tissues; stimulate stem cell growth and differentiation
Somatomedins
Mediates growth hormone fucntions by stimulating stem cells growth and differentiation
Growth Hormone Releasing Hormone and Growth Hormone Inhibiting Hormone
Secreation of human growth hormone is controlled by hypothalamic ______ and _______
Pituitary dwarfism
Human Growth Hormone Imbalances: caused by hyposecretion in children and adolescents resulting in a small body
Gigantism
Human Growth Hormone Imbalances: caused by hypersecretion in infants and children
Acromegaly
Human Growth Hormone Imbalances: caused by hypersecretion in adults resulting in distrotred facial bones and features
Prolactin
Ant. Pit. Hormones: stimulates milk synthesis in the mammary glands
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone
Ant. Pit. Hormones: Stimulates secretion of the adrenal gland cortex hormones. Secretion controlled by CRH
Thyroid stimulating hormone
Ant. Pit. Hormones: secretion controlled by hypothalamic TRH. Stimulates secretion of the thyroid hormones
Gonadotropins
Ant. Pit. Hormones: secretion controlled by hypothalamic GnRH. Follicle stimulating Hormone and Luteinizing Hormone
Luteinizing Hormone
A gonadotropin that targets the ovaries and testes; controls male and female reproductive functions
Hypohyseal portal system
Secretion of anterior pituitary hormones is stimulated by "Releasing Hormones" from the hypothalamus through the ______
"Inhibiting Hormones"
Secretion of anterior pituitary hormones is suppressed by ______ from the hypothalamus through the hypophyseal portal system
(gland location) third ventricle of the brain
the pineal gland is located in the roof of the _____________
Pineal Gland
Gland contains neurons, neuroglia, and secretes melatonin
Pinealocytes
Individual structures that secrete the melatonin hormone
Melatonin
This hormone secretionis lowest during the daytime and highest at night. 3 main functions
Melatonin, Timing of sexual maturity
____ from the pineal gland controls ____. Deficiency causes premature puberty in children
Antioxidant
Melatonin functions as a _____ in the CNS and protects against damage by free radicals.
Circadian Rhythm Setting
Increased melatonin secreation may cause seasonal affective disorder during winter; this is in regards to the body's _______
Isthmus
The two lobes of the thyroid gland are connected by the _____
Colloid
The throid gland is made of follicles filled with a _____
Iodide Trapping
1) Thyroid Hormones Synthesis: _____ by follicular cells and transport into follicular lumen
Sytnehsis of thyroglobulin
2) Thyroid Hormones Synthesis: ____ by follicular cells and transport into follicular lumen
Oxidation of iodide to iodine
3) Thyroid Hormones Synthesis: ____ in lumen by thyroid peroxidase enzyme
Iodination of tyrosine molecules
4) Thyroid Hormones Synthesis: ____ in the thyroglobulin chain to form T1 and T2
Coupling of T1 and T2
5) Thyroid Hormones Synthesis: ___ to make T3 or T4
Pinocytosis of thyroglobulin
6) Thyroid Hormones Synthesis: _____ chain by the folliuclar cells and digestion by lysosomal enzymes to produce free T3 and T4
Secretion of T3 and T4
7) Thyroid Hormones Synthesis: _____ into the blood
Transport of T3 and T4 in blood
8) Thyroid Hormones Synthesis: ___ in the free form or bound to thyroid-binding-globulin
T3 and T4
Thyroid hormones that:
* Increase the basal metabolic rate of all cells
* Increase ATP production in mitochondria of all cells by aerbic cell respiration
* Promote normal growth synergistically with growth hormone
Basal Metabolic Rate
T3 and T4 cells increase the ____ of all cells
ATP production
T3 and T4 increase the _____ in mitochondria of all cells by aerobic cell respiration
Calcitonin
Thyroid hormone that decreases blood calcium levels
Cretinism
Thyroid Dwarfism:
*Hypothroidism during fetal development
*Causes severe forms of mental and pysical retardation in the newborn child
*Retardation is reversible only if hormonal replacment therapy is started during the first four months of the newborn child life
Endemic goiter
Thyroid Gland Disorder:
*Occur mostly in arid, dry, desert inland regions
*Hypothyroidism caused by iodine deficiency
*Insufficient dietary iodine to make T3 and T4
*Lack of negative feedback from T3 and T4 causes over stimulation and overgrowth of the thryoid gland by TRH and TSH
*Enlargedd thyroid results
negative feedback from T3 and T4
Lack of ______ from _____ causes over stimulation and overgrowth of the thyroid gland
Hypothyroidism
Thyroid Gland Disorder characterized by too little T3 and T4 (too little negative feedback)
Hashimoto's Disease
Thyroid disease characters by low T3 and T4. Symptoms: decreased basal metabolic rate, decreased body temperature, cold intolerance, bradycardia, lethargy, weight gain, goiter, myxedema
Hyperthyroidism
Thyroid gland disorder characterized by too much T3 and T4
Grave's Disease
Hyperthyroid disease characterized by an increased basal metabolic rate, increased body temperature, heat intolerance, tachycardia, anxiety, weight loss, goiter, and exopthalmia (bulging eyes)
Parathyroid hormone
Regulation of blood calcium: _______ increases calcim reabsorption by the kidneys. Releases calcium from bones into blood. Activates vitamin D which increases calcium absorption from the intestines
Zona Glomerulosa
Outer zone of adrenal gland, increase kidney retention of sodium and potassium excretion. Increases water retention and blood volume
Aldosterone
Adrenal mineralocorticoid: secretion is regulated by sodium and potassium levels
Zona Fasciculata
Adreanl cortex hormone; increases glucose and glycogen synthesis. Increases fatty acids and proteins breaking. Reduces inflammation and allergic reactions. Cortisol!
Cortisol
Glucocorticoid component of zona fasciculata (adrenal cortex hormone.) Secretion regulated by hypothalamic CRH and anterior pituitary ACTH
Zona Reticularis
Adrenal cortex hormone: secretes androgens. Stimulates pubic hair growth, muscle mass, blood cell formation and libido in females.
Androgens
this hormone's secretion is regulated by hypothalamic CRH and anterior pituitary ACTH
Addison's disease
Adrenal gland disorder characterized by insufficient adrenal cortex secretions. Symptoms: lack of energy, weight loss, inability to resist stress, loss of sodium and water in urine.
Cushing's disease
Adrenal gland disorder characterized by excessive adrenal cortex secretions. Symptoms: muscle wasting due to breakdown of proteins, spindly thin arms and legs, body fat redistribution, rounded face, fatty hump between shoulers, large abdomen with hanging-down fat, virilization and masculinization in females
Adrenal medulla
Develops from the same nervous tissue as the sympathetic nervous system. Hormones causes fight-flight behavior.
Chromaffin cells
____ receive direct innervations from the sympathetic nervous system. Stimulation of the SNS increases hormone secretion by the adrenal medulla.
Catecholamines
Epinephrine and norepinephrine are _____; adrenal medulla hormones
Alpha cells (20%)
Pancreatic hormone that produces glucagon and %
Beta cells (70%)
Pancreatic hormone that produces insulin and %
Delta cells (5%)
Pancreatic hormone that produces somatostatin
F-cells (5%)
Pancreatic hormone that produces pancreatic polypeptide (PP cells)
Insulin
Hormone that decreases blood glucose: increases use of glucose by cells an dincreases synthesis of glycogen in the liver for the storage of glucose. INcreases protein and fat synthesis in cells
Glucagon
Hormone that increases blood glucose by increasing: glucose synthesis from amino acids in the liver, breakdown of glycogen into glucose, and release of glucose from liver into the blood. Increase fat breakdown in adipose tissue to release free fatty acids
Diabetes mellitus
Metabolic disorder that produces high glucose levels in the blood (hyperglycemia).
1) decreased insulin
2) produce defective insulin molecule
3) produce defective insulin receptors
All or any of these three defects make the cells unable to respond to insulin stimulation. Carbohydrates, proteins and fats metabolism are all affected
insulin.
A symptom of diabetes mellitus causes a decrease _____ secretion
Type I (juvenile diabetes)
Disease that usually develops in people younger than seven years of age. Beta cells destroyed by own immune system, insulin levels are low or absent, insulin injection are required for life
Beta cells
Type I diabetes forces the immune system to destroy ____
Type II
Most common type of diabetes, occuring in people >35 and obese mostly.
Insulin may still be secreted but the body cells are less sensitive to insulin actions due to blocking of the insulin receptors. May be controlled by Diet. Insulin injections may not be required
Polyuria
Excessive urination (sign of DM)
Polydypsia
Excessive water drinking (sign of DM)
Polyphagia
Excessive eating (sign of DM)
Cholecystokinin, gastrin, and secretin
Three intestinal endocrine hormones that coordinate the digestive system functions
Calcitriol
Active form of vitamin D that increases calcium absorption from the intestine (kidney endocrine hormone)
Erythropoietin (90%)
Kidney endocrine hormone that stimulates RBC production
Renin, angiotensin, aldosterone
Kidney endocrine hormones that affect blood volume and blood pressure
Erythropoietin (10%)
Liver hormone that stimulates RBC production
Thrombopoietin
Liver hormone stimulates platelets production
Natriuretic peptide
Heart hormone increases sodium and water excretion by the kidneys
Thymosins
Thymus hormone that promotes development and maturation of the T-lymphocytes
Gonads
Testosterone and inhibin in the testes; estrogens and progesterone in the ovaries
Placenta
Endocrine tissues containing estrogens and progesterone
Adipose tissues
Leptin to surpress appetite is found in this endocrine tissue
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