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Abnormal Psyc Ch. 3

Terms in this set (88)

The systematic evaluation of psychological, biological, and social factors in a person with a possible mental disorder is known as clinical ______
Assessment
The process of determining whether an individual's symptoms meet the criteria for a specific psychological disorder is called _____
Diagnosis
The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders is a publication of the ______
American Psychiatric Association
The process of clinical assessment is like a ____, during which a clinician narrows the focus of information to rule out problems and find what is most relevant
Funnel
A patient who had recurrent headaches, fatigue, and loss of appetite received different diagnosis about this condition from several psychologists. In terms of assessment, this indicates a problem with _____
Reliability
An assessment technique measures what is it designed to measure
Validity
Clifton had been experiencing a number of psychological issues, so he decided to go to a psychiatrist to see what was wrong. Dr. A told him he had a major depressive disorder. He decided to seek a second opinion. Dr. B diagnosed him with generalized anxiety disorder. Wanting yet another opinion, he went to Dr. C who told him he was obsessive-compulsive. This demonstrates poor ______.
Inter-rater reliability
In trying to understand and help an individual with a psychological problem, a psychologist will obtain detailed information about the person's life as part of a _____.
Clinical Interview
As part of a psychological assessment, a ______________ is used to find out how a person thinks, feels, and behaves; its purpose, however, is to determine if a psychological disorder might be present
Mental Status Exam
In a mental status exam, a psychologist may assess all of the following EXCEPT
IQ
When a diagnosis tells the clinician what is likely to happen over the course of the disorder and the likely effect of treatments, the diagnosis has _____
Predictive Validity
In a mental status exam, it is important to determine if the individual is "oriented times three." This refers to _________
Person, Place and time
When Abernathy went to a psychologist for the first time, the clinician asked him what the date was, what year it was, and where they were. Which category of a mental status exam do these questions cover?
Sensorium
In a clinical interview, the law regarding "privileged communication" does NOT apply if the patient ___________
Threatens self-harm or harm to another person
The reactivity phenomenon of self-monitoring procedures has been shown to __________
Both increase desired behaviors and decrease undesired behaviors
When observational data are being collected, the observer's presence may cause a person to behave differently, a phenomenon known as _________
Reactivity
Emily created an assessment that asks individuals to describe emotions elicited by geometric shapes and draws conclusions from the content of these descriptions. This assessment belongs in the category of _______
Projective Tests
The projective type of psychological tests is based on __________ theory
psychoanalytic
The calculation of an IQ previously done by using a child's mental age, is now done using a deviation IQ. This means that the child's score is compared to the score of others ________
of the same age
4 year-old Roberto is very aggressive towards his peers, which results in poor peer relationships. A psychologist has been asked to assess Roberto's aggressiveness and determine if he needs intervention. The psychologist would probably do what kind of assessment?
Behavioral
IQ tests measure all of the following abilities EXCEPT
Attention
Memory
Reasoning
Personality
Personality
Neuropsychological tests are used to asses whether or not an individual might ____________
Have a brain dysfunction
The ABC's of observation refer to the ___________ sequence
Antecedent-behavior-consequence
If it were important to determine the exact location of brain impairment, which of the following tests would most likely be used?
Halstead-Reitan Neuropsychological Battery
An observation that involves identifying specific behaviors that are observable and measurable is called a(n) ______________
Formal Observation
Hannibal is presented with a series of cards that are blots of ink. He is asked to state what he sees on these cards. Hannibal is probably taking a(n) __________
Projective Test
Heinrich falsifies his answers on the MMPI so that he will look good. He will probably have a high score on the _______ scale
Lie
All of the following are examples of psychological assessment responses EXCEPT
Electroencephalogram
Galvanic Skin Response
Heart Rate
Biofeedback
Biofeedback
The crucial test of a diagnostic system's validity is whether it results is _________
The accurate diagnostic label for the patient
Is largely unchanged from DSM IV with the exception of the addition or classification of some disorders
The recently published DSM-5
-Includes a plan for integrating social and cultural influences on diagnosis
-Incorporated some dimensional aspects, such as judgement of severity for disorders
-Does not make a distinction between organically based and psychologically based disorders
Unlike very early versions of the DSM, DSM-5
All of the following are criticisms of DSM-5 EXCEPT
- It emphasized reliability, sometimes at the expense of validity
- It emphasized a biological perspective, sometimes at the expense of the human aspect of psychological disorders
- It is too similar to previous, flawed nosological systems
- Its diagnostic categories are still too 'fuzzy' at the edges, which contributes to frequent comorbid diagnoses
It emphasized a biological perspective, sometimes at the expense of the human aspect of psychological disorders
All of the following are potential dangers of assigning a diagnostic label EXCEPT
- The patient my lose self-esteem
- The patient's prognosis becomes difficult to predict
- Family and friends may see the patient as the disorder rather than the individual
- Healthcare workers may see the patient as the disorder rather than an individual
The patient's prognosis becomes difficult to predict
DSM-5 is based on a ______ classification system
Prototypical
The classical categorical approach to diagnosis assumes that each person with a particular disorder will _________
Experience the same symptoms with little or no variation
a quantification of patients' experiences using scales measuring several areas, such as anxiety or depression
The dimensional approach to diagnosis is characterized by
A hypothesis is defines as a(n) ______
educated guess
A researcher is testing the effects of sunlight on depression. The independent variable is _______
sunlight
A researcher is testing the effects of sunlight on depression. The dependent variable is ______
depression
While studying the impact of nutrition on intelligence, a researcher has one group of rats on a vitamin-rich diet while the other rat group eats Big Macs. While observing the rats run a complicated maze, the researcher notes that the vitamin-enhanced rat's maze is more brightly lit than the Big Mac rat's maze. The difference in lighting in this study is a(n) __________
Confound
is defined as the extent to which the results in a study can be explained by the independent variable.
Internal validity
A researcher separates the participants into 2 groups. Group A receives an active medication, and Group B receives an empty capsule that looks and feels like the real medication. Group B is the _____
control group
Researchers use control groups to
make comparisons to the treatment group
A researcher studies the impact of stress on college students' exam scores. Whether the results of this study help us to understand the relationship between stress and work performance in real-life institutions is a questions of ______
External Validity
create laboratory conditions that are comparable to the phenomenon under study
Analog Models
Statistical significance determines whether an observed difference between a treatment and control group is likely due to
chance
A researcher studying the effect of a dietary supplement on sleep finds that research participants who take the supplement sleep an average of 7 hours and 25 minutes per night, while participants who were given a placebo pill with no active ingredients in it sleep for an average of 7 hours and 20 minutes. These findings are _________
Clinically Significant
In well-designed research studies, mediations that enhance serotonin functioning have been found to help patients recover from episodes of depression. Given the realities of the patient uniformity myth, it would be a mistake to conclude that __________
All depressed patients will be helped by these medications
As a child's age increases, so does her height. This is an example of a(n) _________
Positive Correlation
The more time one spends exercising, the less one generally weighs. The correlation between time on a treadmill each month and overall body weight represent a ________
Negative Correlation
The correlations between the amount of time a college student studies and the student's height in inches is probably _________
Zero
Epidemiology is the study of _______
Incidence, distribution, and consequences of a problem in a patient
The basis of an experiment is ________
Manipulation of an independent variable
While trying to discover the nature of the relationship between stress and blood pressure, a researcher asks participants to complete a difficult task. The researcher monitors the participants' blood pressure while some are exposed to noisy distractions and others stay in a quiet environment. This type of research is a(n) ________
Experiment
One of the hallmarks of the experimental method that makes it different from a correlational study is that in an experiment _________
A variable is manipulated in a way that would not have occurred naturally
when a control group is used in experimental research, the members of the control group will be treated exactly the same as _______
Treatment group, except they will not be exposed to the independent variable
The purpose of a control group in experimental research is to ______
determine whether a treatment or independent variable actually influenced change in the dependent variable
are used in experiments to control for the expectations of some research participants that they will improve just because they are in a research study
Placebos
neither the researcher providing the treatment nor the participants are aware of who is in the treatment and who is in the control group
Double-blind study
It can be important to use a double blind procedure in a research study in order to prevent the ________
Researcher's expectations from biasing the outcome
The advantages of using a withdrawal design as part of a single-case experiment is that the researcher can _______
determine whether improvements gained with treatment are lost when the treatment is withheld
One of the problems of using a withdrawal design as part of a single-case experiment is the ________
ethical issue of removing treatment that appears to be helping the patient
A child is having temper tantrums at home, a t school, and at his grandparents' house. After working with the parents for a while, the therapist believes that the child is being rewarded or his tantrums in each setting because his teacher, parents, and grandparents generally give him what he wants just to make them stop yelling. The therapist devises a plan to stop his tantrums but first implements the plan at home, then the following week at school, and finally at the grandparents' home several weeks later. From a research perspective, this is an example of __________
Multiple baseline design
The single-case experimental design is primarily criticized as having limited _______
External Validity
An important advantage of the multiple baseline design over the withdrawal design for evaluating treatments is that multiple baseline __________
Does not require the removal of a potentially helpful treatment
Family studies are often used to help determine whether a psychological disorder has a genetic component. Which of the following patterns is typical for a disorder that is influenced by genetics?
Siblings of the person with the disorder are more likely than cousins to have the disorder, and cousins are more likely to have the disorder than the general public
One of the major problems of using family studies to determine the genetic components of psychological disorders is that family members may have similar disorders due to ______
The fact that they live together
Adoption studies are often used when attempting to study the influence of genetic factors on psychological disorders because these studies allow examination of genetic influences pf psychopathology
Without the typical confound of siblings raised in the same environment
Monozygotic twins allow for unique genetic studies because they _______
Have identical genes
Given what we know about the effects of genes and the environment, which of the following pais of children would be expected to be most similar in terms of overall personality, psychological disorders, and intelligence?
Biological siblings raised in the same house
Family, twin, and adoption studies can identify all of the following EXCEPT ______
The location of specific genes associated with psychopathology
Which of the following study types must be conducted to identify the location of specific genes associated with psychopathology?
Genetic linkage analysis
A researcher collects data comparing people with and without a disorder. The researcher is particularly interested in inherited tendencies that are not part of the disorder but that occur with much greater frequency in the people afflicted with it. the researcher is conducting a(n) _______
Association study
One of the research methods used to help determine the typical course and progression of a disorder like schizophrenia is a ______ study.
longitudinal
Longitudinal and/or cross-sectional research is often necessary to determine
how disorders change and progress over a typical patient's lifetime
The 2 most frequently used methods in prevention research for examining psychopathology across time are _______
longitudinal and cross-sectional
A researcher is studying how depression tends to experienced by people of different ages. The researcher interviews depressed adolescents, young adults, individuals in their 30's and 50's and those over 70. The research design being used is called _____
cross-sectional
The research design most helpful in determining how individuals with particular disorders to change over time is the ________
Longitudinal Method
Use of cross-sectional design would be appropriate in trying to find an answer to all of the following questions EXCEPT
"What early behaviors did adult panic disorder patients tend to display when they were young?"
One reason that cross-sectional studies are more common than longitudinal studies is the fact that ______
Longitudinal studies take many years to complete
One of the MOST important reasons to conduct cross-cultural research in psychopathology is that ____
We can understand more about psychopathology by understanding how culture impacts the experience of various disorders
A new research study is published and becomes the "hot story" in the news today. This story concerns you because the researcher reports that they are the first scientists to find a higher incidence of depression in individuals who are taking a particular vitamin- the same vitamin that your physician has had you taking for years. While this may be cause for you to investigate further, you probably shouldn't, because ______
Without replication, the finding could just be due to coincidence
Which type of problem is shared by the placebo control method and the withdrawal design method?
Ethical concern of withholding treatment from those who need it
According to the requirements of "informed consent", research participants in a blind, placebo-controlled study will be told
that they may or may not receive an active treatment
With regard to deception of research participants
The researcher must tell the participants about the deception after the study
A diagnostic category has ______ when the signs and symptoms chosen as its criteria are consistently associated with each other, and are different from those for other categories.
Construct Validity
Abnormalities in the structure and functioning of the brain can be detected by neuroimaging techniques. Current research is also looking at ______
a possible association of these abnormalities with psychological disorders
Believing that it would not be helpful, therapist refuses to use the DSM-5 or any other diagnostic system. One problem that we may expect for this therapist is that it may be difficult to _______
apply what has been learned from treating other patients with similar problems
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