Heart Stuff

What is the formula for minute ventilation?
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Terms in this set (24)
What is the formula for minute ventilation?
minute volume = respiratory rate x tidal volume
What is the formula for Boyle's law?
P1V1 = P2V2
TCT
Ti+Te
Female IBW
(ht in inches - 60)5 + 105
Male IBW
(ht in inches - 60)6 + 106
What does the right atrium do?
It is at the right upper chamber of the heart that receives deoxygenated blood from the body through the vena cava and pumps it into the right ventricle which then sends it to the lungs to be oxygenated.
What does the right ventricle do?
It is at the lower right chamber of the heart that receives deoxygenated blood from the right atrium and pumps it under low pressure into the lungs through the pulmonary artery.
What does the left atrium do?
The left atrium is one of the four hollow chambers of the heart. It plays the vital role of receiving blood from the lungs via the pulmonary veins and pumping it to the left ventricle
What does the left ventricle do?
It is at the left lower chamber of the heart that receives blood from the left atrium and pumps it out under high pressure through the aorta to the body.
What is the function of the valves?
There is a valve through which blood passes before leaving each chamber of the heart. The valves prevent the backward flow of blood.
What are the functions of atrioventricular valves?The atrioventricular valves are found between the atria and the ventricles. They make sure blood flows is in one direction.What is an arteriole?It is a small branch of an artery leading into capillaries.What are veins?Veins carry blood back to the heartWhat is a venule?Small vein that collects blood from the capillariesWhat is the function of arteries?They carry blood away from the heartWhat is the aorta?Largest artery in the body begins at top of left ventricle (hearts's muscular pumping chamber) Heart pumps blood from Lt. Ventricle into aorta thru aortic valvesWhat is the function of tricuspid valve?Prevents backflow of blood into RT. atriumWhat is the function of bicuspid valve?Prevent backflow of blood into LT. atriumWhat are the functions of atrioventricular valves?Found between the atria and the ventricles Makes sure blood flows in one directionWhat is the superior vena cava?Large vein that carries Deoxygenated blood from head, arms, and upper body (pulmonary circulation) into RT atriumWhat is the inferior vena cava?Lg vein that carries deoxygenated blood from body (systemic circulation) into RT atriumWhat are capillaries?Link between arteries and veinsWhat is the function of the lymphatic system? It transports excess fluid away from tissues and maintains the internal fluid environment. 37. What is the function of arteries? It carries oxygen-rich blood to body tissues. 38. What is the function of veins? It carries oxygen-poor blood back to heart. 39. What is the function of systemic circulation? It carries blood from the heart to the tissues and then brings it back. 40. What is pulmonary circulation? It carries blood to the lungs and back. 41. Where is the left atrium? It is at the left and top portion of the heart. 42. Where is the right atrium? It is at the right and top portion of the heart. 43. Where is the right ventricle? It is at the lower right portion of the heart. 44. Where is the left ventricle? It is at the lower left portion of heart. 45. What is the pump of the circulatory system? The heart. 46. What does the blood carry in the circulatory system? It carries oxygen, carbon dioxide, and all other material. 47. What is the purpose of the pulmonary circulation? To transport blood from the right ventricle of the heart to the lungs. 48. What transports blood from the right ventricle of the heart to the lungs? Pulmonary vessels. 49. After blood reaches the lungs it is then returned to which chamber of the heart? Left atrium. 50. What is the function of systemic circulation? It pumps blood to the rest of the body. 51. After blood reaches the rest of the body it is then returned to which chamber of the heart? Right atrium. 52. What is the function of arteries? It carries blood away from the heart. 53. What is the function of the veins? It carries blood to the heart. 54. What artery is responsible for carrying deoxygenated blood? Pulmonary artery. 55. What vein is responsible for carrying oxygenated blood to the heart? Pulmonary veins. 56. What is the structure of capillaries? It is the smallest blood vessels in the body. 57. What is the diameter of capillaries? The diameter is the size of one red blood cell. 58. What is the three-layered walls of all blood vessels aside from capillaries? Tunics 59. How many layers are present in arteries? 3 60. What is the innermost layer of the blood vessel? Tunica Interna 61. What tissue composes tunica interna? It is composed of simple squamous epithelium (endothelium). 62. Where is endothelial lining on the tunica interna connected? It is at the basement membrane with glycoproteins and collagen fibers. 63. What is the purpose of the basement membrane with glycoproteins and collagen fibers? It glues the epithelium to the underlying tissue. 64. What structure is also found in the tunica interna? Internal elastic lamina. 65. What is the function of the elastic lamina? It allows expansion for blood flow. 66. What is the tunica media? Middle layer. 67. What tissue does the tunica media contain? It has elastin and smooth muscle. 68. What type of tissues can be seen in the largest blood vessels? Mostly elastin and very little smooth muscle. 69. What is the outermost layer of a blood vessel? Tunica externa. 70. What type of tissue is found in the tunica externa? Loose fibrous connective tissue. 71. The tunica externa is principally composed of what? Collagen and elastin. 72. What has their own circulatory system in the external portion of the blood vessel? Larger blood vessels. 73. What blood vessels has their own blood supply? Vasa vasorum. 74. What has the same three distinct layers as arteries? Veins 75. Where do veins and arteries differ structurally? They differ in the wall thickness. 76. What type of walls do veins have? They have way thinner walls than arteries. 77. What causes the arteries to have thicker walls? Blood pressure. 78. What type of pressure is found in veins? Relatively zero pressure. 79. What composes the medium and large veins? One-way valves and pocket valves. 80. What is the function of one-way valves or pocket valves? It assists in the movement of blood back to the heart. 81. What forms valves? Folded tunica interna. 82. These one-way pocket valves are formed with? Two-flap pocket valves 83. What assists one-way valves and pocket valves in bringing blood back to the heart? Respiration and contraction of smooth muscle 84. What are capillaries? It is the smallest blood vessels in the body. 85. What is the function of capillaries? It is the site of exchange between tissues. 86. What does blood give up in capillaries which is the site of exchange in the body? Nutrients and oxygen. 87. What does blood receive in the capillaries which is the site of exchange in the body? Carbon dioxide and waste products. 88. Which blood vessel does not have three layers? Capillaries. 89. What tissues form capillaries? Tunica interna without the internal elastic lamina. 90. What other tissues are sometimes but not always found in capillaries? Simple squamous epithelia with a basement membrane possible with a small number of connective tissues. 91. Where can we see capillaries? In most tissues of the body. 92. What are the largest arteries in the body? Conducting or elastic arteries. 93. What is the purpose of calling large arteries in the body elastic arteries? Tunica media is almost entirely elastin with very small amounts of smooth muscle. 94. What do you call the medium and small arteries? Distributing and muscular arteries. 95. What is the purpose of calling medium and small arteries distributing and muscular arteries? The media is now going to be mostly smooth muscle with very little elastin. 96. Small and medium arteries are principally designed to? Dilate or constrict. 97. What is the purpose of dilating or constricting arteries? To increase or decrease blood supply to a tissue. 98. What do tunica media in small and medium arteries principally consist of? It consists of smooth muscle. 99. What is rarely found in small and medium arteries? Vasa vasorum. 100. What are the smallest arteries in the body? Resistance arteries/ arterioles. 101. What can be found in the resistance arteries which is associated with the tunica media? Two to three layers of smooth muscle. 102. What should be identified for a small artery to be a resistance arteriole? Three layers; intima, media, and adventia. 103. What is the function of the precapillary sphincters? It dictates the flow of blood into the capillary bed. 104. What regulates the precapillary sphincters? Metabolic needs. 105. What should a precapillary sphincter do to dictate metabolic needs? Dilate or constrict. 106. What signs would show the dilation of a precapillary sphincter? Low O2, high CO2, and low pH. 107. What would dictate if a precapillary sphincter would constrict? Plenty of O2, low CO2, High PH, and plenty of glucose. 108. What are baroreceptors? Stretch receptors. 109. Where are baroreceptors located? The aortic arch and carotid sinus. 110. What are aortic and carotid bodies? They are chemoreceptors. 111. What is the function of the aortic and carotid bodies? The are sensitive to change to CO2 and pH. 112. What are the three basic types of capillaries? Continuous, Fenestrated, and Sinusoids 113. What is the most common type of capillary? Continuous. 114. Where are continuous capillaries found? Muscle, lungs, and the brain. 115. What holds together the endothelial cells in continuous capillaries? Tight junctions. 116. What is also found in continuous capillaries? Intercellular clefts. 117. What is the function of the intercellular cleft? Small openings between adjacent cells. 118. What can pass through the intercellular cleft openings? Small molecules to pass; water, ions, glucose, hormones etc. 119. What type of tissue is associated with continuous capillaries? Basal lamina. 120. What principally consists of the basal lamina? Basement membrane composed of glycoproteins and a few collagen fibers. 121. What contains some of the continuous capillaries? Pericyte. 122. What is the function of the pericyte? It helps with the growth of capillaries and help with capillary repair. 123. What is the structure of fenestrated capillaries? It has prominent holes called fenestrae right through the endothelial cells, does also have a basement membrane like continuous capillaries 124. What is the function of fenestrated capillaries? It allows a variety of different molecules to pass. 125. Where do we find fenestrated capillaries? Primarily in kidneys and intestines. 126. What is the function of fenestrated capillaries in the kidneys? It pushes blood through the capillaries at relatively high blood pressure and a wide variety of molecules will pass through these waste products, glucose, ions. 127. What are sinusoid capillaries? It is found in the liver and do not have a basement membrane. 128. What is the general name for veins? Capacitance vessels. 137. What is the diameter of large veins? Larger than 10 mm. 138. What are some examples of large veins? Superior and Inferior Vena Cava. 139. What type of structure is present in large veins? Three layers, large diameter, one-way pocket valves. 140. What is the function of the venous sinus? It is a large vein and there is no smooth muscle associated with it. 141. What is the function of a portal system? It works from the capillary bed to a vein, then to another capillary bed without returning to the heart. 142. What is the function of the hepatic portal system? Capillary bed found in the digestive system. 143. Where does the hepatic portal system drain? Hepatic portal vein. 144. Where does the hepatic portal vein drain into? Sinusoids. 145. What do you call the hardening of the arteries? Arterial sclerosis. 146. Arterial sclerosis become more prominent during age due to the fact? As we age, the walls of our arteries become weaker.Why are capacitance vessels called capacitance?They have the capability of expanding somewhat to receive whatever volume of blood the capillaries are delivering to them.