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BIO EXAM 1 vocab

Terms in this set (150)

atom
Basic unit of matter
octet rule
2 electrons in first orbit or 8 electrons in second or higher orbit ten to be stable
electronegativity
the tendency of an atom to attract a shared pair of electrons towards itself
F,Cl,O,N
strong electronegativity elements
H,C
weak electronegativity elements
polar
difference in electronegativity
covalent
sharing of valence electrons results in ___________ bonds
polar covalent
unequal sharing of electrons
non polar covalent
equal sharing of electrons
ionic
gaining or losing (transfer) electrons results in ________ bond
hydrogen bond
attraction between a slightly positive hydrogen atom and an electronegative atom
Hydrophilic
attraction to water; polar; soluble in water
salt (charged); sugar (uncharged)
examples of hydrophilic attractions
hydrophobic
repulsions to water; non polar lipid-soluble
oil
example of hydrophobic interactions
vanderwaals
constant movement of electrons results in _________ forces
covalent, hydrogen bonding, hydrophilic/hydrophobic, vanderwaals
intramolecular forces (within molecule) strongest to weakest
ionic, hydrogen bonding, hydrophilic/hydrophobic, vanderwaals
intermolecular forces (between molecules) strongest to weakest
soap
example of something that is both hydrophilic and hydrophobic
carbon based, contains water, reproduction, growth, structure, metabolism, respiration, response to stimuli, adaptation, autonomous movement
properties of life
model systems
a representative organism that is easy to grow/study used fir conducting biological experiments
unicellular, no nucleus, E.Coli
prokaryotes
uni and multicellular, membrane bound nucleus and organelles, plants animals and fungi
eukaryotes
Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes
two types of cells, model systems
holism
approach to studying whole organisms for behavioral, physiological, and nutritional studies
reductionism
approach to studying multicellular organisms at the cellular or tissue levels; whole organisms are not used
in vivo
experiments used to study physiology, ecology of organisms under living conditions
holistic or reductionist
in vivo studies can be...
in vitro
experiments performed under non living conditions
only reductionistic
in vitro studies can be...
in situ
experiments conducted to determine the presence of certain molecules such as DNA, RNA, or protein in a particular site
inductive
method that uses specific conclusions and observations to make generalizations
deductive
method that uses general concepts to deduce specific conclusions
positive control
has been tested and shown to work; result in known
negative control
should not work; should give no results
hypothesis
testable prediction
domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species
classification system
bacteria, archaea, eukarya
3 domains
protista, fungi, plantae, animalia
eukaryotic kingdoms
bacteria
diverse groups of unicellular prokaryotic organisms (no nucleus)
archaea
prokaryotic but has eukaryotic features, can survive extreme conditions
eukarya
unicellular and multicellular eukaryotes
atoms, molecules, macromolecules, cells tissues, organs, organ systems, organisms, population, community, ecosystem, biome, biosphere
biological hierarchy
Heterotroph
An organism that cannot manufacture its own food and instead obtains its food and energy by taking in organic substances, usually plant or animal matter
photosynthetic
Describes bacteria that make their own food using light energy
isotope
An atom with the same number of protons and a different number of neutrons from other atoms of the same element.
covalent
glycosidic, eter, peptide, and phosphodiester bonds are all samples of _______ bonds
ionic
bonds between positively and negatively charged amino acids in proteins are examples of _______ bonds
van der waals interactions
lipids in biological membranes and cellulose in plant cell walls are examples of _________
cohesiveness, adhesiveness, high specific heat and heat of vaporization, expansion upon freezing, versatile solvent, medium and ingredient for biochemical reactions
properties of water
cohesiveness
water to water, constant forming and breaking of H-bonds, ex: water uptake in roots
adhesiveness
water to something else, adhere to surfaces, ex: absorption
stabilize the temperature of surroundings to make it habitable
importance of waters high specific heat
evaporative cooling in animals and plants in hot weather
importance for high heat of vaporization
solute and H ion concentration
two major properties of aqueous solutions
acid
proton donor, increases [H+], decreases pH
base
proton acceptor, decreases [H+]. increases pH
buffer
resists changes in pH by excepting excess H+s when pH decreases or by donating H+s when pH increases; usually a weak acid or base
pH when the ratio of the acid form of a compound to the base form is equal
pK
pK value
buffer has the greatest capacity to maintain the pH of an aqueous solution around its
C,H,O,N,S,P
major elements in living organisms
saturated
no double bonds between carbons
unsaturated
one or more double bonds between carbons
structural isomer
Same molecular formula, different structural formula
geometric isomers
Compounds that have the same molecular formula but differ in the spatial arrangements of their atoms; due to inflexibility of double bonds between carbons
optical isomers
isomers that are mirror images of each other; due to asymmetric carbon bonded to 4 different atoms or molecules
OH; polar and soluble
hydroxyl group
carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids
hydroxyl groups are found in almost all
C=O, slightly polar and soluble
carbonyl group
aldehyde
Carbonyl group at the end of a carbon skeleton
ketone
carbonyl group within carbon skeleton
simple sugars, some proteins, and nucleotides
carbonyl groups are found in
COOH; acidic, polar and soluble
carboxyl group
all amino acids and proteins
carboxyl groups are found in
NH2; act as a base, polar and soluble
amino group
all amino acids, proteins, and some nucleotides
amino groups are found in
SH; reactive, moderatley polar
sulfhydryl group
amino acid cysteine, catalysis of enzymes
sulfhydryl groups are found/involved in
disulfide bride (S-S) to stabilize a protein structure
two sulfhydryl groups within a protein can combine to make a
-OPO3^2-; highly polar, acidic, reactive
phosphate group
DNA, RNA, all nucleotides, phospholipids, energy compounds
phosphate groups are found in _______ and are important _____
CH3, non polar and insoluble
methyl group
alcohols, fatty acids, some amino acids and nucleotides
methyl groups are found in
condensation synthesis
two monomers combined to make a dimer by the removal of an H and OH group which forms water; creates bonds between monomers in carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins
hydrolysis
breaks down dimers, trimers, or polymers into monomers by adding an H and OH groups from a split water molecule; important for catabolic processes that utilize energy stored in macromolecules
Monosaccharides
simple sugars; 3-7 carbon long; OH group attached to each C besides one C having a =O (if at the end, aldose, if in middle, ketose)
alpha-glucose
in a ring monosaccharide (5-7 C) if the OH group on the first C is below the plane of the ring, it is a
beta-glucose
in a ring monosaccharide (5-7 C) if the OH group on the first C is above the plane of the ring, it is a
major source of energy, energy stored is harvested through respiration, provide a carbon skeleton to make up other molecules
functions of monosaccharides
glycosidic linkage
covalent bond that connects two monosaccharides to form a disaccharide
1:2:1
The ratio of C, H, & O in a monosaccharide
properties of the disaccharide; whether it will be broken down into monomers
the type of linkage (alpha or beta) determines the
Polysaccharides
long chains of carbohydrates with thousands of monomers
oligosaccharides
shorter chains of carbs (~5-20 sugar molecules)
energy utilization
storage polysaccharides are used for
starch (plants), glycogen (animals)
examples of storage polysaccharides
build cell walls and exoskeletons
structural polysaccharides are used for
cellulose (plant cell walls), callose (wounding site in plants), chitin (exoskeletons, cell walls of fungi)
examples of structural polysaccharides
monomers
individual units that make up larger molecules
polymers
made up of repeating subunits
macromolecules
made up of smaller subunits; large molecules
highly non polar and hydrophobic; soluble in organic solvents
lipids are
energy storage, insulation, cushioning vital organs, biological membrane, hormones, signaling molecules
functions of lipids
fats (triglycerides), phospholipids, and steroids or carotenoids
types of lipids
glycerol and fatty acid joined by ester bond
what is a lipid made up of
no double bonds, solid at room temp, closely packed, animal fats
saturated fats
one or more double bonds, liquid at room temp, not packed closely, plant fats
unsaturated
melting temperature of the fat
the greater the saturation level
amphipathic
having both a hydrophilic region and a hydrophobic region
phospholipids
lipid that is amphipathic
diglyceride(glycerol and two fatty acids), phosphate group, and another chemical group
what makes up a phospholipid
lipid bilayers, separate different parts of cells
phospholipids are major components of
carotenoids
color pigments used for photosynthesis
5 carbon isoprene units
what are carotenoids made up of
4 fused carbon rings
steroids
steroids
cholesterol, testosterone, estrogen
20
number of amino acids that make up a protein
proteins
most structurally diverse molecule
50
proteins constitute ____% of dry weight in living cells
structural, storage, transport, metabolism, hormones, defense, contractile, signaling and movement
functions of a protein
amino and carboxyl groups
amino acids are made up of
peptide bond
bond between amino acids
polypeptide
protein containing many amino acids
rigid; resonance with C-N bond
peptide bonds are relatively _______ because the C=O bond has
primary structure
sequence of amino acids
higher levels of a proteins structural organization
amino acid sequence determines
peptide bonds
primary structure proteins are stabilized by
secondary structure
regular repeated patterns of folding of the polypeptide
H-bonds
secondary structure proteins are stabilized by
alpha helix
-NH group on n is bonded to -C=O group on 4
fibrous proteins and inside and outside of the globular proteins
alpha helix are found in
beta pleated sheet
-NH group of one strand of protein is bonded to -CO group of another stand of the same or different protein
tertiary structure
formed due to irregular bonding between the side chains of various amino acids
quaternary structure
interaction of two or more polypeptides or subunits of miltimeric proteins
triple helix
three separate strands of proteins wound on each other and h bonded to each other
three ways of determining a proteins structure
x-ray crystallography, protein denaturation by changing pH and predictions based on known sequence and structural information
nucleotides (nitrogenous base, ribose, phosphate group)
RNA is made up of
deoxynucleotides(nitrogenous base, deoxyribose, phosphate group)
DNA is made up of
cellular energy, accept/transport electrons, signal molecules, store genetic information
functions of nucleotides
nitrogenous base, ribose
nucleoside
pruines
adenine guanine
pyrimidines
cytosine, thymine (DNA), uracil(RNA)
A:T(orU) G:C
base parings
phosphodiester linkage
5' carbon of one nucleotide is linked to the 3' carbon of the next through
double stranded double helix
DNA is mostly present as
single stranded with comes secondary structure
RNA is mostly present as
mRNA
carries information from DNA to protein
rRNA
involved in protein synthesis
tRNA
transferring amino acids during protein synthesis
protista
unicellular eukaryotic cells belong to which kingdom
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