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Respiratory IB 131

Terms in this set (92)

What are the basic functions of the
respiratory system?
Supplies body with oxygen and disposes of carbon dioxide
What are the Respiratory organs?
• Nose, nasal cavity, and paranasal sinuses
• Pharynx, larynx, and trachea
• Bronchi and bronchioles (smaller branches)
• Lungs and alveoli
What is conducting zone?
carries air to sites of gas exchange and filter, humidify, and warm air as it is conducted through nose, mouth, throat, trachea and bronchi
What is Respiratory zone?
actual site of gas exchange in the lungs in bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveolar sacs
Resonating chamber for speech?
The nose
What are External nares?
nostrils
What is nasopharynx?
Posterior tunnel shaped nasal
apertures
What is choanae?
nasal apertures
What are the 2 types of mucous membrane for nasal cavity?
Olfactory mucosa and Nasal respiratory mucosa
What houses olfactory (smell) receptors?
Olfactory mucosa
What lines the nasal cavity?
Nasal respiratory mucosa
What is the epithelium for nasal respiratory mucosa?
pseudostratified ciliated columnar
Respiratory mucosa consists of what epithelium?
Pseudostratified ciliated columnar
Respiratory mucosa consists of what within epithelium?
Goblet cells
Respiratory mucosa consists of underlying layer of what?
Lamina propria
Superior and middle nasal conchae is part of what?
ethmoid bone
The pharynx connects what?
nasal cavity and mouth
The pharynx is divided into what 3 sections?
Nasopharynx, Oropharynx, Laryngopharynx
The nasopharynx conducts what?
air
The nasopharynx is closed off during what?
swallowing
What does the pharyngeal tonsil (adenoids) do?
Defends against pathogens entering in air
and on food
The nasopharynx contains the opening to the what?
pharyngotympanic tube (auditory tube)
Tubal tonsil provides what?
some protection from infection
In the Oropharynx, what is fauces?
arch-like entranceway
Where do the fauces extend from?
soft palate to the epiglottis
What is the epithelium of the oropharynx?
Stratified squamous epithelium
What are the two types of tonsils in the oropharynx?
Palatine tonsils and lingual tonsils
What does lingual tonsils do?
covers the posterior surface of the tongue
Where are the palatine tonsils located?
in the lateral walls of the fauces
What is the passageway for both food and air?
Laryngopharynx
What type of epithelium is the laryngopharynx?
Stratified squamous epithelium
What functions for:
• Voice production
• Provides an open airway
• Routes air and food into the proper channels
Larynx
The superior for the larynx is?
Closed during swallowing and open during breathing
What is Epiglottis?
Tips inferiorly to cover entry into trachea during swallowing
What is thyroid cartilage?
shield-shaped, forms laryngeal prominence (Adam's apple)
What are three pairs of small cartilages in the larynx?
Cuneiform cartilages
Corniculate cartilages
Arytenoid cartilages
What is cricoid cartilage?
the only laryngeal cartilage that forms a complete ring
What are vocal folds?
(true vocal cords)
- Act in sound production
What are vestibular folds?
(false vocal cords)
- No role in sound production
What is the epithelium of the larynx?
- Stratified squamous—superior portion
- Pseudostratified ciliated columnar—
inferior portion
In sphincter function of the larynx, what is valsalva's maneuver?
straining
The trachea descends into the what?
mediastinum
What is the epithelium of the trachea?
pseudostratified ciliated columnar
What does Carina do?
marks where trachea divides into two primary bronchi
What is Bronchial tree?
extensively branching respiratory passageways
What is the largest bronchi?
Primary bronchi (left main bronchi)
Secondary (lobar) bronchi has how many on the right and left?
- Three on the right
- Two on the left
Tertiary (segmental) bronchi branch into what?
each lung segment
Bronchioles is less than what?
1 mm in diameter
Terminal bronchioles is less than?
0.5 mm in diameter
Terminal bronchioles branch to form what? Which leads to what?
Respiratory bronchioles
alveolar ducts
How many alveoli account for
tremendous surface area of the lungs?
~300 million
What is the surface area of alveoli?
~140 square meters
The wall of each alveolus consists of what?
a single layer of simple squamous epithelial cells, called Type I cells
Type I cells are surrounded by what?
delicate basal lamina
Alveolar pores interconnect what?
alveoli
Basal lamina of alveolar epithelium and blood capillary endothelium are fused to form what?
the respiratory membrane through which
O2 and CO2 are exchanged
Type II cells in Alveoli are what?
cuboidal epithelial cells
What do Type II cells secrete?
surfactant
What reduces surface tension within alveol to keep them inflated?
surfactant
What is Apex?
superior tip of lung
What is Base?
inferior surface of lung which sets on the
diaphram
What is Hilum?
indentation on medial surface of each lung through which bronchi, blood vessels, lymph vessels, and nerves enter and exit the lung
What is in the left lung?
Superior & inferior lobes
• Fissure—oblique
What is in the right lung?
Superior, middle, & inferior lobes
• Fissures—oblique and horizontal
Pulmonary arteries do what?
Deliver oxygen-poor blood to the lungs
What do pulmonary veins do?
Carry oxygenated blood to the heart
For innervation of lungs, parasympathetic does what?
constrict airways
For innervation of lungs, sympathetic does what?
dilate airways
what is a double-layered sac surrounding each
lung
pleurae
a double layered sac surrounding each lung have two pleura, name them
- Parietal pleura
- Visceral pleura
what is pleural cavity
Potential space between the visceral and
parietal pleurae
Pleurae help divide the thoracic cavity into
- Central mediastinum
- Two lateral pleural compartments
Two phases of pulmonary ventilation
- Inspiration—inhalation
- Expiration—exhalation
Inspiration: volume of throacic cavity increase/decrease
increases
in inspriation diaphragm
flattens and moves inferiorly/
down
in inspriation diaphragm Contraction of intercostal muscles
raises
the ribs upward
Deep inspiration requires
Deep inspiration requires
- Scalenes
- Sternocleidomastoid
- Pectoralis minor
- Erector spinae—extends the back
Quiet expiration
chiefly a passive process
Forced expiration
an active process
ventral respiratory group
(VRG) is what?
Most important respiratory center
ventral respiratory group
(VRG) is in reticular formation in the
___?
medulla oblongata
VRG
a pacemeaker which
generates respiratory rhythm and rate
with input from the pons and dorsal
respiratory group (DRG) in dorsal
medulla
Chemoreceptors
- Sensitive to rising and falling O2 and CO2 levels
Central chemoreceptors location
located in medulla
oblongata
chemoreceptors: Peripheral chemoreceptors have two bodies, what are they
• Aortic bodies v
• Carotid bodies
what is Aortic bodies
ia glossopharyngeal nerve
what is Carotid bodies
via vagus nerve
Bronchial asthma
constriction of
bronchiole smooth muscle which results
in difficulty inhaling air
Emphysema:
breaking down of
alveolar walls and loss of lung elasticity
which results in air trapping
aging of respiratory system causes
Number of glands in the nasal mucosa
declines
• Nose dries
- Produces thickened mucus
• Thoracic wall becomes more rigid
• Lungs lose elasticity
• Oxygen levels in the blood may fall
Right main bronchi
wider and shorter than
the left
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