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Immune System Part 1: 2nd Line of Defense

Terms in this set (24)

Activation due to either sterile or septic injury:
-Infection, mechanical damage, ischemia, nutrient deprivation, genetic or immune defects, chemical agents, temperature extremes, foreign bodies and ionizing radiation
The Inflammatory response
Inflammation occurs in _________ tissues
Vascularized
Inflammation is ________ activated (secs)
Rapidly
Inflammation is dependent on ___________ and __________ Components
cellular, chemical
Inflammation is _____________, occurs the same way regardless of activation stimulus or whether prior exposure has occurred
nonspecific
Inflammation has no _____________ (cells)
memory
Inflammation occurs where their is vascularization
Vascular response
1. Redness (erythema),
2. Heat,
3. Swelling (edema),
4. and Pain

Plus loss of function
The tetrad "Cardinal Signs" of inflammation
Vascular Response:3 Characteristic Changes in the Microcirculation near the site of injury that occur within seconds following a brief constriction
Vasodilation, endothelial contraction, Migration
increases blood flow but slows blood velocity
vasodilation
-Porous vessel leaks fluid (exudation causing edema)
-Decreased fluid in the vessel makes the blood more viscous decreasing velocity
-Vasodilation increases blood flow bringing more RBC's to the injury site causing redness (erythema) and warmth
-Endothelial cells are stimulated to retract by (histamine, bradykinins, leukotrienes and prostaglandins)
Increased vascular permeability (endothelial contraction (retraction))
Leukocytes adhere to the inner vessel wall.
-Migration through the wall (diapedesis) and to the site of injury (emigration) is enhanced by endothelial retraction
Migration
Migration through the wall
Diapedesis
Migration through the wall and to the site of injury ___________ is enhanced by endothelial retraction
Emigration
-Influx of plasma to dilute bacterial toxins and chemicals released by dead/dying cells

-Delivery and activation of plasma protein systems to help in bacterial containment and destruction (Complement, Clotting & Kinin Systems)

-Influx of leukocytes (Neutrophils & Macrophages) to phagocytize cellular debris and infectious agents
(1) Prevent infection and limit further damage of microorganisms though the
Plasma protein systems (Clotting System)
A variety of plasma enzymes
Cells (Eosinophils)
(2) Limit and control the inflammatory process, preventing the spread of the inflammatory response to healthy tissue through the delivery of:
Influx of macrophages and lymphocytes
(3) Interact with components of the adaptive immune system to elicit more specific responses against contaminating pathogens if potentially needed through the:
-Removal of bacterial products
-Removal of dead/dying cells (yours & the invader)
-Removal of products of inflammatory response
-Use of circulation, lymphatic system and/or epithelial transport
-Initiation of healing and repair
(4) Prepare the area of injury for healing through the:
Removal of ECF and debris from the inflamed site requires ______________ __________ which facilitates the development of adaptive immunity
lymphatic vessels
Microbial antigens pass through lymph nodes where they activate _____ & _____ lymphocytes for either immediate use or for the future (memory)
B, T
___________ __________ itself can become inflamed, hyperplastic & painful
Lymphatic tissue
(lymph vessels)
Lymphangitis
(lymph nodes)
Lymphadenitis
-short, lasting only until the immediate threat to the host is eliminated
-8-10 days from onset of healing
Acute Inflammatory Response
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