Upgrade to remove ads
Only $2.99/month

Bio II Lab 3

Terms in this set (67)

synapomorphies
all angiosperms share certain characteristics
characteristics that angiosperms share
flowers, seeds enclosed in fruits, stamens with two pairs of pollen sacs, double-fertilization, true vascular plants, 3 major organs: stem, roots, leaves
monocots
1 cotyledon in seed, root xylem and phloem in a ring, vascular bundles scattered in stem
eudicots
2 cotyledons in seed, root phloem between arms of xylem, vascular bundles in a distinct ring
apical meristem
region of eternally juvenile cells, located on tips of roots and stem, elongation (cells at the edge later differentiate into specialized cells)
leaf primordia
small, developing leaves which cover and protect the apical meristem
bud primordia
develop at base of older leaf primordia
primordium
a leaf or bud in its earliest stage of differentiation
epidermal tissue
outer protective cover (epidermis, cuticle, and periderm (woody plants)
ground tissue
parenchyma, collenchyma, sclerenchyma
vascular tissue
xylem and phloem
cuticle
waxy film covering the epidermis and protects from grazing and water loss
epidermis
outermost layer of plant. cells originate from the meristem
cortex region
between epidermis and vascular tissues
periderm
corky, outer layers of a stem on woody plants
cork cambium
serves as lateral meristem for the periderm, secondary broth that replaces epidermis in root and stems, generates parenchyma cells
parenchyma
large cells, thin walls, specialized for different species, large water vacuole, air spaces, or chloroplasts
collenchyma
small cells, thick walls, that support and strengthen the stem, help to avoid damage from wind, rain, and physical contact
sclerenchyma
support cells with thick cell walls made of lignin
sclereid cells
stone cells, spherical or polyhedral, shorter than fibers, dead at maturity, gritty texture in pears, apple cores, peeped hulls
fiber cells
long, narrow cells that protect and support other tissues, associated with vascular tissues
vascular bundles
tight groupings of xylem and phloem
rays
parenchymal tissue connecting pith to cortex
pith
collection of parenchymal cells at the center of the stem
xylem
moves both water and nutrients up from the roots (passive)
phloem
moves sugars down from the leaves (photosynthetic regions) (conducts food (carbs) throughout plant
tracheid
characterized by border pits and blunt ends, transport water and minerals from roots to shoots, angio and gymnosperms
vessel elements
transport water and minerals from roots to shoots, shorter and wider than tracheids, perforated plates at each end of cell to sieve water, angiosperms only
sieve tube elements
conduct food in solution, function without nuclei, join to form sieve tubes
companion cell
assists in sieve tube function, has nucleus, thought to direct companion cell and adjoining sieve tube element
elongation (primary growth)
occurs as a result of cell division at the tips of stems and roots
thickening (secondary growth)
of the roots and stems due to cell division in the cambia or lateral meristems
herbaceous stems
edict stems that never develop secondary growth, soft stems, die in winter
woody stems
edict stems that develop secondary tissues,
secondary xylem and phloem (wood)
both are hardened with lignin, able to withstand cold, harsh climates
bark
includes all tissues external to vascular cambium, some parenchyma cells become meristematic and develop into ring- cork cambium
the two tissues cork cambium forms
phelloderm and cork
phelloderm
tissue growth to the inside
cork
tissue growth to the outside (bark), cork is replaced every year, no growth rings
tuber
short, underground stem, contains stored food for the shoot
thorns
sharp protrusions on ste, used for protection
stolon
stems that grow at o just below the ground surface, nodes produce roots, buds produce new foliage
corm
underground storage stem
rhizome
extends the plant allowing for new plants to form
tendril
used to anchor plant
cladode
flattened stem, no leaves, water storage
roots
function in water absorption, food storage, conduction, and anchorage
fibrous
more branched, no main root
tap
less branched, main root
root hairs
elongated epidermal cells that increase surface area
root cap
protects root apical meristem
endodermis
inner layer of cells in the cortex surrounding the vascular bundles
pericycle
cluster of cells within the endodermis that gives rise to lateral roots
lateral roots
roots that branch out from the main root
stele
vascular tissues arranged in a central cylinder
casparian strip
ring-like, hydrophobic cell wall impregnations, found in the endodermis, inner cell layer surrounding vascular tissue
storage roots
roots that store starch and water (potatoes, carrots)
aerating roots
enable plants to respire in waterlogged habitats
haustorial roots
parasitic plants use this to burrow into hosts' tissues
aerial roots
(adventitious) grow from stems or leaves, roots that stay above ground
prop roots
(adventitious) anchorage and support
root nodules
symbiosis with cyanobacteria, site of N2 fixation
cotyledon
part of embryo, usually becomes the leaves
monocot stem arrangement
scattered vascular bundles
monocot roots are typically
fibrous with vascular bundles arranged in a ring
eudicot stem arrangement
vascular bundles in a ring
eudicot roots are typically
tap roots with vascular bundles in a cylinder
YOU MIGHT ALSO LIKE...