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Chapter 6: Integumentary System

Terms in this set (97)

sweat glands
integumentary functions
protection, prevention of water loss/gain, metabolic regulation, regulate temperature, secretion and absorption, sensory reception
Integument
skin (cutaneous membrane)
epidermis
Outer layer of skin, Stratified squamous epithelium
dermis
Inner layer of skin
Primarily dense irregular connective tissue
subcutaneous
beneath the skin
Not part of the Integumentary
layers of epidermis from deep to superficial
stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, stratum corneum
stratum basale
deepest epidermal layer made of a single row of cells that undergo rapid cell division.
Contain keratinocytes, melanocytes and tactile cells
Keratinocytes
Found in all cell layers, Synthesize keratin
Protein that strengthens epidermis
keratinization
hardening of skin cells, keratin filled cells move up as they age, with newer keratin filled cells found in the startum basale
Melanocytes
Produce and store pigment (melanin) in response to ultraviolet light
Found in the startum basale
melanin
a dark pigments that provides skin color
Found in stratum basale.
Melanosomes
Pigment carrying granules that produce melanin, a complex protein.
Merkel cells
function as touch receptors in association with sensory nerve endings
stratum spinosum
a layer of the epidermis that provides strength and flexibility to the skin
Several layers of polygonal keratinocytes
Daughter cells from stratum basale pushed into this layer
Langerhans cells
epidermal dendritic cells.
Initiate immune response
stratum granulosum (granular layer)
-thin; three to five cell layers in which cells flatten
Superficial layers are dead
Deeper cells are alive
Keratinocytes begin keratinization
stratum lucidum
a translucent layer of the epidermis found only in the thick skin of the fingers, palms, and soles
stratum corneum
Superficial stratum composed of 20 to 30 layers of dead, interlocking, keratinized cells
Dry, thickened surface is protective against abrasion and infection
thick skin
Palms of hands, soles of feet
Contains all five layers of epidermal strata
Sweat glands but no hair follicles or sebaceous glands
thin skin
Covers most of body
Lacks a stratum lucidum
Sweat glands, hair follicles, and sebaceous glands
Provides skin color
hemoglobin, melanin, carotene
Hemoglobin
An iron-containing protein in red blood cells that reversibly binds oxygen.
Melanin
A pigment that gives the skin its color. Amount in skin varies (heredity, UV exposure)
Albinism
Absence of pigment in the skin, hair, and eyes
Carotene
yellow to orange pigment, accumulates in stratum corneum and hypodermis. acquired from some vegetables
Nevus
mole
Localized overgrowth of melanocytes
Should be monitored for changes suggesting malignancy
Freckles
Localized overgrowth of melanocytes
Should be monitored for changes suggesting malignancy
Hemangiomas (birthmarks)
patches of discolored skin caused by benign tumors of dermal capillaries
Friction ridges
fingerprints
formed by large folds and valleys of the dermis and epidermis
Dermis Layers
papillary layer
reticular layer
papillary layer
outer layer of the dermis, directly beneath the epidermis
Areolar connective tissue
Named for projections of dermis, dermal papillae
Synthesizes Vitamin D
.......? are upward fingerlike extensions of dermis?
dermal pappillae
reticular layer
Deeper layer of the dermis that supplies the skin with oxygen and nutrients
Dense irregular connective tissue
House structures such as sweat glands, oil sebaceous , blood vessels and pressure receptors called Pacinian corpuscles
Dermis: Lines of Cleavage
Tension Lines
Collagen and elastic fibers oriented in parallel bundles at specific locations
Bundles function to resist stress during routine movement
Incision Parallel to cleavage lines
heal more quickly
Incision perpendicular to cleavage lines
more likely to open due to cut elastic fibers
Subcutaneous Layer
hypodermis
Areolar and adipose CT
Functions: Protection, energy storage, and insulation
Common drug injection site
Drug injections are usually done in what layer of skin tissue?"
subcutaneous layer
Nail
Scalelike modifications of stratum corneum
Protect distal tips of digits
Assist in grasping objects
Free edge
part of the nail plate that extends over the tip of the finger or toe
Nail body
visible part of the nail
Nail root
the portion of a nail that is buried in a fold of skin
nail plate
Actual fingernail
Includes nail body, free edge and nail root
Nail bed
Layer of living epidermis covered by nail body
Nail matrix
the part of the nail beneath the body and root from which the nail is produced
lunula
Whitish semilunar area on proximal end of nail body
-nychium
nail
Eponychium
cuticle
Narrow band of epidermis from margin of nail wall onto nail body
Hyponichium
Thickened skin at the distal end of a nail
Hypo(below) nail
Hair
Keratinized cells form slender filament
Grows from hair follicles
what are the 3 types of hair?
lanugo
vellus
terminal
Lanugo hair
fetal hair
Velus hair
fine body hair
found on upper and lower limbs
Terminal hair
coarse, long hair of eyebrows, scalp, axillary, and pubic regions
hair bulb
Lowest part of a hair strand; the thickened, club-shaped structure that forms the lower part of the hair root.
shaft
visible part of the hair
hair papilla
hair root
The part of the hair contained within the follicle, below the surface of the scalp.
hair matrix
actively dividing area of the hair bulb that produces the hair
hair medulla
the inner layer of the hair shaft
hair cortex
Middle, thickest portion of a hair shaft
hair cuticle
Outermost layer of hair; consisting of a single, overlapping layer of scale-like cells that look like shingles on a roof.
hair follicle
tube surrounding hair root
Extends into dermis and sometimes subcutaneous layer
arrector pili muscle
Thin ribbons of smooth muscle
Extend from hair follicle to dermal papillae
Causes hair to stand on end and goose bumps to appear
Male baldness
Loss of hair first from only crown region of scalp
Genetic and hormonal factors
hirsutism
excessive hair growth
Diffuse hair loss
hair shed from all parts of scalp, primarily in women
Due to hormones drugs, iron deficiency
sweat
Composed of 99% water and 1% other chemicals
Includes: electrolytes, metabolites, and waste products
Major role in thermoregulation
what are the 2 kinds of sweat glands?
apocrine
merocrine
merocrine (eccrine) glands
sweat glands found all over the body, primarily on the forehead, palms and soles; have a duct and pore; no odorous sweat
........ are the most numerous sweat glands?
merocrine (eccrine)
appocrine gland
sweat glands present in the genital and axillary regions, produce a thicker form of sweat and are responsible for producing body odor
apocrine sweat gland locations?
groin, axilla
inactive until puberty
Sebaceous (oil) glands
Holocrine glands
Produce oily secretion, sebum
Lubricant for skin and hair
Bactericidal
Discharges into a hair follicle
Ceruminous glands
modified apocrine sweat glands
Located in external ear canal
secrete cerumen (waterproof earwax)
mammary glands
modified apocrine sweat glands
only function in pregnant and lactating females
acne
Plugged sebaceous ducts
Typically begins during puberty
Increased activity gland secretions may block pores
regneration
Replacement of damaged or dead cells with same cell type
Restores organ function
Fibrosis
Gap filled with scar tissue
Collagen produced by fibroblasts
Functional activities not restored
Steps of wound healing
1) Cut blood vessels bleed into wound
2) Blood clot forms and leukocytes clean wound
3) Blood vessels re-grow and granulation tissue forms. Vascular CT initially forms in wound
4)Epithelium regenerates and CT fibrosis occurs
meissner's corpuscle
sensor for light touch
pacinian corpuscle
A type of nerve ending located in the subcutaneous layer that is sensitive to pressure.
First Degree Burn
Involve only epidermis
Slight redness and pain
Immerse burned area in cool water
second degree burn
Involve epidermis and part of dermis
Skin blistered and painful
Slight scarring
third degree burn
Involve epidermis, dermis, and subcutaneous layer
Require hospitalization
Treatment for dehydration and infection
Require additional caloric intake
Severe scarring
May need skin graft
Burn treatment
Manage fluid loss
Relieve swelling
Manage pain
Remove dead tissue
Control infection
Increase calorie intake
Aging of the integument
Skin repair processes slows
Thin skin less likely to protect from trauma
Fewer collagen fibers
Elastic fibers lose elasticity
Crease lines form (wrinkles)
Immune response decreased due to fewer dendritic cells
basal cell carcinoma
Most common and least severe type of skin cancer; often characterized by light or pearly nodule, with depression
Mainly on face
squamous cell carcinoma
Type of skin cancer more serious than basal cell carcinoma; often characterized by scaly red papules or nodules. May metastasize to other parts of the body. Found on scalp, ears, lower lip or dorsum of hand
malignant melanoma
Most deadly, due to aggressive growth and metastasis
- arises from melanocytes in a mole
- can cause death if spreads
ABCDEs of melanoma
asymmetry, border, color, diameter, evolution
Skin cancer that arise in the keratinocytes in the stratum spinosum is called
squamous cell carcinoma
what is the most common type of skin cancer?
basal cell carcinoma
least dangerous-seldom metastasizes
what is the most deadly form of skin cancer?
malignant melanoma
more common in : men, red heads, hx severe sunburn
what is the leading cause of accidental death?
burns
Botox
Botox is a treatment for wrinkles caused by facial muscle expression
Clostridium botulinum toxin
Blocks nerve impulses to facial expression muscles
Decreases or eliminates wrinkles
Botox injected into specific facial muscles
Temporary effect only
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