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Psyc 2070 Chapter 5 and 6

Terms in this set (83)

One change that most parents experience with the birth of their first child is that they become
less self- centered
During the first two years of rearing an infant, it is typical for parents to
become more involved in both family and career
Which of the following is NOT an element of coparenting?
Permitting the primary caregiver to make decisions about how the family relates to others.
After the birth of their first child, a married couple typically experiences
increased martial conflict
If a husband wishes more quality time with his wife following the birth of a baby, he should
take over some of the child care and housework responsibilities
caregiver-infant synchrony refers to the observation that
newborns shoe close coordination and turn taking in social interactions with parents
Which of the following is an example of caregiver-infant synchrony?
an infant imitates his mother's facial features as she speaks
What is coregulation?
High levels of joint attention and reciprocal turn taking between parent and infant
When playing with their infants, fathers are more apt than mothers to
generate excitement in the baby
Mothers tend to spend nine hours a day with infant and young children, whereas fathers tend to spend about how many hours?
three
Compared with fathers, how much time do mothers spend with infants and young children?
Three times as much
Which of the following father types is associated with being educated and having a prestigious occupation?
Caregivers
Compared to traditional secondary-caregiver fathers, fathers who were primary caretakers of infants
acted more similar to mothers than did other fathers
What percentage of children do not have siblings?
20 percent
The most common arrangement for caregiving while a mother of a small child works is to
have a relative tend to the child
One of the guidelines for choosing a good day care center is to
make sure that there's adequate space of at least twenty five square feed per child
Studies concerning infant-infant interactions indicate that infants
often prefer playing with other infants than with their mothers
All of the following statements about the relationship between attachment and peer relationships are correct except that
attachment during infancy does not have a long term predictive relationship on quality of peer relationships
Which of the following emotional expressions seems to emerge the earliest?
Social Smile
Which emotion is least likely to be present in a four month old infant?
Fear
Stephanie is able to express fear. Chances are she is also able to express
joy
Which emotional expression is likely to evolve last?
Shame
When two year old Selena is upset with her mother because she doesn't get her way, she cries first and then calms herself by sucking her thumb. Sucking her thumb is probably a
self- directed regulator
Which pattern of infant temperament is the most common?
Easy
Which pattern of infant temperament is the least common?
Difficult
An infant who has irregular bodily functions, exhibits high stress in new situations, and displays negative moods would be classified as
difficult
One difference between slow to warm up babies and difficult babies is that
slow to warm up babies are less moody
Which temperament style during childhood was associated with the lowest levels of adjustment and greater interpersonal conflict in adulthood?
Undercontrolled
Researchers found that children with inhibited temperaments at age three were as adults,
normally adjusted but with only a few friends
The emotional bond that forms between the infant and primary caregiver during the first year is called
attachment
The notion that attachment is based on the activation of a biologically based motivational system is most consistent with which approach?
Ethological
Which of the following qualifies as an infant's signaling behavior?
Babbling
In the first phase of attachment formation, the infant will
become responsive to anyone who fulfills his needs
In the clear-cut attachment phase, a child takes a more active role in attachment because he
can crawl and walk
The development of separation anxiety appears to be related to Jean Piaget's concept
development of object permanence
Professor Sandwick is interested in studying human attachment in one year olds. Which technique would this professor most likely to use to asses quality of attachment?
The Strange Situation
One reason why Japanese children are more likely to be assessed as anxious resistant than American children is that
their mothers hardly ever leave them with someone else
Tal is an Israeli baby who live in a kibbutz. During the day he lives in the infant house with four other infants and a caregiver. At night, he sleeps in his parents' house. It is likely that Tal will develop which pattern or attachment?
Secure
When ten-month old Laurel is separated from her mother, she shows no signs of anxiety and when her mother returns, Laurel responds by ignoring her. Based on these obseravtions, Laurel would most likely by classified as having
anxious avoidant attachment
Charles gets anxious when he senses that his father is going to leave. When his dad returns , he clings to him as he sobs. Charles most likely has a(n)
anxious resistant attachment
Two year old Savita has a secure attachment pattern. It is likely that when Savita gets older, she'll
have positive social relationships with her peers
Whenever his parents try to teach Brad something new, he gets frustrated and angers easily. Brad's attachment is probably
anxious resistant
Infants who respond to parental teaching efforts with lack of interest, which ultimately discourages the parents, are most likely exhibiting which attachment pattern
anxious avoidant
A preschooler who tends to complain and whine a lot most likely has which kind of attachment?
anxious resistant
Which pattern of attachment is most associated with risk for developing behavior problems in the future?
disorganized-disoriented
The parents of eighteen month old Jill get frustrated when she cannot perform a task they think she ought to be doing. If this pattern continues, the parents are likely to instill in Jill a sense of
shame and doubt
Across the preschool years, Shabbir can expect growth increases in all of the following except
proportion of body fat
Physical growth during the preschool years is characterized by
rather smooth and predictable growth
Four year old Malis is below average for height. Malia's adult height will probably be
below average
Both of three year old Sherry's parents are tall. Sherry's adult height will probable be
tall
The most important factor in childhood and adult height and weight is
genetic influence
What is the primary reason why many families in the United State have poor access to medical care?
They are living at or below the poverty level and cant afford adequate health care
Oliver is four years old; he should be able to do all of the following except
use scissors
All of the following characterize early walking except
the feet are kept close together to maintain balance
A child who has just learned to walk would be least likely to do which of the following?
Walk quickly from one place to another
Which of the following types of jumps is easiest for the three or four year old?
jump down a step
Which of the following requires the least fine motor coordination?
throwing a big ball
Children's drawing reveal all of the following except
gross motor coordination
With respect to the rate of development of motor skills during the preschool years,
most girls and boys are equal in their find and gross motor skills
Older looking children are
expected to have more mature behaviors
According to Piaget a 3 1/2 year old probably exhibits
preoperational thought
All of the following are major accomplishments of the preoperational stage except
development of reversibility
The cognitive achievement that marks the start of the preoperational period is the apperance of
symbolic thought
The sense that variations in the environment normally occur together denotes an understanding of
functional relationships
A preoperational child's understanding of functional relationship
involves the notion that a relationship exists, but not much more
The inhability to see things from another's point of view is called
egocentrism
One of the main differences between preschool children and school age children in their ability to classify is that preschoolers
typically sort base on one dimesion
The ability to redo a problem mentally and go back to its beginning is called
reversibility
The task in which the contents of one of two identical glasses are poured into a shorter glass is designed to assess
conservation
There are nine children in Oleana's preschool class. When you ask her how many children there are in the class, she counts: 1,2,3,6,5,7,9. Then she says there are nine children." Oleana is demonstrating
one to one correspondence
A prerequisite for being able to solve conservation problems is understanding
reversibility
In the concept of number, the understanding that the total number of a set corresponds to the last number when the items are counted is termed
cardinality
The idea that numbers always occur in a particular sequence is termed
ordinality
The social element of thinking is evidenced by
situated cognition
According to Vygotsky, the role of the parent in cognitive development is
providing the proper psycho social climate for learning to occur
For an activity to qualify as a zone of proximal development, it must be an activity that
the child can only accomplish with help
According to research findings, one of Piaget's accurate observations was
that young children have difficulty focusing on two dimensions at one once
The basic sounds of a language are referred to as its
phonology
During the preschool years, the most dramatic changes in language development are found in
syntax
Syntax shows
dramatic changes during the preschool years
How a speaker adjust his or her utterances to the needs an expectations of different situations and speakers is termed to
pragmatics
In a Piagetian nursery school program, one would expect to see
hands on activities
In a Montessori- based nursery school program, one would expect to see
structured materials
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