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Art History 201 Quiz 3

Terms in this set (73)

Taoism

Chinese Art
Individuals relationship with nature.
Artistic designs and landscape: asymmetrical compositions, infinity, empty space, and nature
Confucianism

Chinese Art
Groups of people and ethics, respect for order, authority and peaceful relationships with fellow man.
Architecture and interior design: symmetry, balance, finitness.
Buddhism

Chinese Art
Enlightenment through right personal management and salvation at death.
Motifs and emblems
Silk Road

Chinese Art
4000 miles
The silk road gets its name from the lucrative Chinese silk trade which was carried out along its length beginning in the Han Dynasty
Mongol Invasions

Chinese Art
Nomadic people from the steppes north of China
Massive expansion under Genghiz Khan (1162-1227), sons and grandsons
Kublai Khan (grandson of Genghiz) became emperor of China in 1279 and Founded the Yuan dynasty (1279-1368)
Song Dynasty

Chinese Art
Gently, high sophisticated culture of intellectuals
Isolation of foreign influence fostered Chinese identity
Introspective, philosophical, pure, harmonious
Mongol Invasions were traumatic
Increased intellectual change
Artists moved to positions of great importance
Chinese Architecture and Interiors

Chinese Art
Designed on central axis, cities laid out on grid
Arranged by hierarchy using laws of feng shui
Traditional features and construction methods give aesthetic cohesion over time
Defensible structures: protective walls and gates
Maximize natural ;ight to make you feel like you belong to nature
The Forbidden City

Chinese Art
Beijing, China
Mostly Ming Dynasty
1406-1420
The Hall of Supreme Harmony at the Forbidden City, Beijing China, Ming Dynasty (1406-1420)

Chinese Art
Imperial Throne Room in the Hall of Supreme Harmony

Chinese Art
Imperial roof decoration of highest status on the roof ridge of the Hall of Supreme Harmony
The more animals or creatures on the edge of the roofs, the higher importance is indicated
Chinese Painting and the Literati

Chinese Art
Scholar-Officials appointed by emperor
Social leaders, represented morality and virtue
Artists did not paint for public display
Personal expression over professional skills
Literati were schooled in painting, calligraphy and poetry
Favored small formats: handscrolls, hanging scrolls, album leaves (book pages)
Zhao Mengfu

Chinese Art
Literati scholar
Chose to work for the Yuan government, became high official
Painter, calligrapher and poet
Painted using an older style
Known for images of horses and landscapes
Perspective communicated through stacking vertically
Autumn Colors on the Qiao and Hua Mountains, Mengfu, Hand scroll with ink and color on paper, Yuan Dynasty (1296)

Chinese Art
Chinese Art
Yin Hong

Chinese Art
Served the court at Beijing
Educated by followers of the Song Dynasty Tradition
Birds-and-flowers genre: known as its own category
Painted directly onto silk fabric
Use of peacocks represented royalty, a lone peacock may be the representation of the emperor himself
Chinese Decorative Arts

Chinese Art
Lacquerware: hand coloring and hand carving
Bronze
Carved Rosewood
Foldig Screens
Cinnabar Vases
Jade
Chinese Decorative Arts Motifs

Chinese Art
Animals: lions, dragons, phoenix, tigers, cranes, peacocks
Organics: lotus, chrysanthemum, peonies, bamboo
Patterns: fretwork, meander motif, and diaper patters
Meander Motif

Chinese Art
A single line that creates a form that repeats
Fret Work

Chinese Art
Can be a meander pattern, it is carved
Diaper Pattern

Chinese Art
A pattern that is created and is an emblem that repeats itself, but is sometimes staggered and creates a new pattern.
Ming Blue-and-White Wares

Chinese Art
Ming Dynasty porcelain capital of the world
Underglazed tecnique: hand painting or stenciling
Cobalt oxide pigments
Dragons, flowers, birds, landscape elements, and decorative patterns
Flask with Dragon, Porcelain with cobalt underglaze, Ming Dynasty

Chinese Art
Chinese Art
Furniture

Chinese Art
Formal and Dignified, but natural and simple
Polished, local hardwoods and bamboo
Place of honor furthest from the door, armchairs are seats of honor
Most moldings are cared in piece, not applied
Mortise-and tenon joinery, not glued or nailed
Bodhisattva

Chinese Art
A person who has attained enlightenment but who has postponed nirvana in order to help others achieve enlightenment
Meander Motif

Chinese Art
A single line that creates a form that repeats
Fretwork

Chinese Art
Can be a meander pattern, but is carved
Underglaze Technique

Chinese Art
paint with brush(one coat), spongeing, mask out areas
Mortise-and-Tenon

Chinese Art
A groove cut into stone or wood, called a mortise, that is shaped to receive a tenon, or projection, of the same dimensions
A peg in a hole. Individual pieces were designed for their joints to come together. One piece would have a peg, another piece would have a hole
Yoke Back and Splat

Chinese Art
Influence of nature into their furnishings
Himeji Castle, Hyogo Japan, Momoyama Period

Japanese Art
Taian Tearoom, Sen no Riku, Momoyama Period

Japanese Art
Japanese Art
Yugure Tea Bowl, Chojiro, Raku Ware, Momoyama Period

Japanese Art
Japanese Art
Winter Landscape, Sesshu, Hanging scroll with ink on paper, Muromachi Period

Japanese Art
Japanese Art
The Great Wave, Hokusai, Polychrome woodblock print on paper, Edo Period

Japanese Art
Historical Context and Influences

Japanese Art
Evolves largely in isolation, little outside influence
Japan has endured frequent natural disasters
Japanese culture develops for Chinese customs originally
Ruled by emperors and Shoguns
Culture nurtures the arts, good taste, manners, carefully controlled emotions and behaviors
Shoguns

Japanese Art
For 700 years, Japan was under the rule of the Japanese military leaders known as shoguns.
Muromachi Period

Japanese Art
Zen Buddhism: Becomes dominant culture force among the ruling elite
Zen=meditation
Momoyama Period

Japanese Art
Bold warriors, luxurious palaces, influenced by European explorers
Edo Period

Japanese Art
Rich cultural atmosphere
All classes of society could afford art
Divided into 4 classes
Education available to all, so arts prosper
Wabi-Sabi

Japanese Art
Beauty of things imperfect, impermanent, and incomplete; things modest and humble; things unconventional
Truth in materials. Locally harvested woods, not trying to create something that looks like something else, locally harvested material
Japanese Architectural Characteristics

Japanese Art
Little stylistic evolution over time, but regional differences within country
Wooden structures, slightly elevated off the ground, little to no coloration
Tiled or thatched roofs with upturned corners to deflect rainwater
Importance of site: sacred spaces isolated by forests, mountains and/or water
Co-existence with nature
Natural resources became integral part of architecture
Temples, Shrines, Pagodas
European Influence on Japanese Architecture

Japanese Art
Canons and muskets changed the nature of Japanese warfare during the Momoyama Period
Castle architecture became extensively fortified
Motes, steep walls, narrow gates, angular pathways to skew sense of direction
Shoin Rooms

Japanese Art
Most enduring expression of Japanese taste
Formal rooms for receiving important upper-class guests
Human scale, asymmetrical, beauty in untreated natural materials
Same interior features, but no two rooms alike
Shoji screens, tatami mats, fusuma doors, staggered shelves, wide verandas, and shallow alcoves
Tea Rooms

Japanese Art
Chanoyu: the Japanese ritual of drinking tea
Tearooms provided a respite from the busy, violent world
Sen no Rikyu: most famous tea master in Japanese history
Tea rooms were modest, refined and rustic
Natural materials: bamboo, wood, mud walls, paper windows, and tatami mat floors
All utensils associated with the chanoyu ceremonies became highly prized artisan wares
Prized for their simplicity and imperfection
Rake Ware

Japanese Art
"Enjoyment" or "ease"
A type of Japanese pottery that is traditionally used in the Japanese tea ceremony, most often in the form of tea bowls
Hand shaped rather than thrown
Low fire temperatures
In the traditional Japanese process, the fired raku piece is removed from the hot kiln and is allowed the cool in the open air
Japanese Painting: Zen Ink Painting

Japanese Art
Used on hanging scrolls and hand scrolls
Monochromatic painting in black ink and diluted grets
Pure, simple, lonely, serene
Monk-artist Shubun (1418-1463) Japan's first great master of ink landscape painting
Sesshu

Japanese Art
Pupil of Shubun
Trained as a Zen monk, influenced by Chinese Song Dynasty Paintings
Landscape paintings depicting different seasons , people buried deep in image
Rough brush strokes, beautiful atmospheric perspective
Japanese Woodblock Prints

Japanese Art
3 specialists: artist, carver, printer
Drawing on tissue paper, transfer to wood block
Key block: outlines in relief
Each color gets its own block
Registrations: marks in margin used to line up multiple color blocks
Hokusai

Japanese Art
Thirty-six Views of Mount Fuji became the world's most successful set of graphic art prints
Woodblock artist, amazing range of color and gradation
Ukiyo-e painter "floating world"
Zen Dry Garden

Japanese Art
Karesansui "dried-up mountains and water"
Intended to imitate the intimate essence of nature, meditation tool
Rocks, raked pebbles, moss, vegetation
Asymmetrical groupings and pathways
Zen Buddhism

Japanese Art
A denomination of Buddhism that stresses exacting spiritual and physical discipline as the path to enlightenment.
Chanoyu

Japanese Art
An ancient ritual for preparing and serving and drinking tea
Raku Ware

Japanese Art
A hand built, low fired ceramic developed for use in a tea ceramony
Shoji and Fusuma

Japanese Art
Decorative Japanese screens covered with rice paper.
Paper-covered sliding doors between rooms and over closets
Tatami Mats

Japanese Art
Paper-covered sliding doors between rooms and over closets, are woven of dried sea grasses and edged with black fabric and are set together in geometric patterns.
Ukiyo-e

Japanese Art
Japanese woodblock printing; translation: "pictures of the floating world"
Templo Mayor, Tenochtitlan, Aztec

Americas
The Goddess Coatlicue, Basalt, Aztec

Americas
The Founding of Tenochtitlan from the Codex Mendoza, Inc and color on paper, Aztec

Americas
Americas
Machu Picchu, Andes Mountains, Peru, Inca

Americas
Tunic, Camelid fiber and cotton, Inca

Americas
Americas
The Aztec Empire

Americas
Settled in the Valley of Mexico in the 13th century
Capital city of the Mexica people: Tenochtitlan
Religion based on a complex group of gods and goddesses, continued existence of the world depended on rituals of bloodletting and human sacrifice
Tribute culture, hierarchal society
Veneration of Huitzilopochtli, the personification of the sun and of war, was central to the religious, social and political practices of the Mexicas
According to myth, Huitzilopochtli directed the wanderers to found a city on the site where they would see an eagle devouring a snake perched on a fruit-bearing prickly pear cactus
Pedestrian roadway infrastructure, maintained through tributes
Travelers had "rest stops" every 6 to 9 miles
Couriers (paynani) were constantly traveling along those ways, keeping Aztecs informed of events, and helping to monitor the integrity of the roads,
Bloodletting and Human Sacrifice were an Aztec way of life
Large scale cultural practice
Not seen as barbaric by those who participated in it
Appeasing gods and maintaining civilization
Bloodletting

Americas
A ritual performed in Maya and Aztec civilizations where people would cut themselves in a process that allowed them to sacrifice their blood to a specific god.
Bloodletting and Human Sacrifice were an Aztec way of life
Large scale cultural practice
Not seen as barbaric by those who participated in it
Appeasing gods and maintaining civilization
Tenochtitlan

Americas
Capital City (today Mexico City) located on an island in Lake Texcoco
Tenochtitlan's center was a sacred precinct, walled enclosure containing dozens of temples
Great pyramid Templo Mayor
Templo Mayor

Americas
Two temples on top: North dedicated to Tlaloc God of Rain, South dedicated to Huitzilopochtli God of Sun
Aligned to the sunrise
Aztec Scultpure

Americas
Monumental, powerful, often unsettling
Gods, goddesses, rituals
Carved from indigenous rock, many originally painted with bright colors
Bark Paper Codices
Codex: an Aztec book written to document the daily going ons
The tlacuilo (codex painter) tradition endured the transition to colonial culture
Pictograms: writing with pictures
The Codex Mendoza was created about 20 years after the Spanish conquest of Mexico. It contains a history of the Aztec rulers and their conquests and culture. It is named after Antonio de Mendoza, then the viceroy of New Spain, who may have commissioned it.
Codex

Americas
A book, or a group of manuscript pages (folios), held together by stitching
Written to document the daily going-ons
The Inca Empire

Americas
One of the largest states in the world
Encompassing modern Peru, Ecuador, Bolivia northern Chile, and Argentina
Cuzco capital located high in the Andes mountains
Rapid rise and sudden destruction
"Land of Four Quarters"
No Andean civilization ever developed writing, but records were kept on knotted and colored cords called quipu
23,000+ miles of roads traveling on foot between "rest stops" with llamas as pack animals
Inca Masonry

Americas
Architecture was a major expressive form for the Inca
Adjoining blocks were painstakingly shaped to fit together tightly without mortar
Slight bevel along edges
Roads, bridges, terraces buildings
Machu Piccu

Americas
Inca architectural planning
Perched on a ridge between two high peaks 9,000 feet above sea level
Extraordinary terracing descends down into the Urubamba River valley
Royal Estate of the Inca ruler Pachacuti
Inca Textiles

Americas
Textiles of cotton and camelid fibers
Textiles were an indication of wealth and status, often offerings to the gods
Patters carried symbolic messages
Tribute

Americas
A gift, service, or other demonstration of gratitude, admiration, or affectio
Pictograms
The earliest forms of writing in which pictures represent words or ideas
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