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Hist 202 Exam 1

Terms in this set (35)

Peace of Augsburg
1555
Agreement declaring that the religion of each German state would be decided by its ruler
Edict of Nantes
1598
Made Catholicism the religion of France but made it okay to be Protestant
Henry IV
Henry IV
Late 1500s to early 1600s
King of France
Responsible for Edict of Nantes and the birth of raison d'etat (reason of state)
Hapsburgs
Spanish Hapsburgs
Royal Family
Thirty Years' War
1618-1650
Huge destructive war
Religious conflict (protestant vs catholic)
Bohemian Phase
Danish and Swedish Phase
French Phase
Treaty of Westphalia
The Bohemian Phase
1618-1625
30 Years' War
The Defenestration of Prague 1618: edict that forbid Protestantism
The Battle of White Mountain 1620: big combat, Catholics win
Mercenaries take matters into their own hands: von Tilly and Wallenstein
Edict of Restitution 1629: bans Calvinism, gives land back to Catholics, and provokes an intense backlash
The Danish and Swedish Phases
1625-1635
30 Years' War
New way of fighting: standing army, uniforms, rows of musketeers
The French Phase
1635-1648
30 Years' War
French fight with Sweden against the Spanish Hapsburgs making it a political war instead of a religious war (French v Spanish = Catholic v Catholic)
The Treaty of Westphalia
1648
30 Years' War
Transformation of the balance of power in Europe and how the government works
Consequences of the Thirty Years' War
Rise of the reason of state and the diplomatic ideas of national sovereignty and the balance of power, emergence of a new kind of government, bureaucracy accountable to a central authority, and shift of the continent's political and economic center of gravity towards the North Atlantic
Raison d'Etat (Reason of State)
The idea of having your own private convection, but you follow the rational ideas to help the country
Henry IV
Louis XIV
1643-1661
Originally too young to take throne
Lots of revolts (of nobles) as he grew up
Wanted to avoid another civil war-type thing so wanted to depower the nobles
Changes nobles from army leaders to party guests
Versailles
New Palace
Louis XIV
Used illusion of the palace to make nobles feel important and pay attention to life at court
Gave nobles things so that they wanted to be at court
Goal was to change nobles from warlords to party guests so that they couldn't oppose him
Absolutism
Divine Right
Centralization- bureaucrats that king can appoint and dismiss as he sees fit and making faith uniform (revocation of the Edict of Nantes, 1685)
Divine Right
God wants this king to be king otherwise it wouldn't happen
Revocation of the Edict of Nantes
1685
Makes faith uniform
If god gives the king his power, everyone has to believe in that god so that they follow the king
Constitutionalism
A governing arrangement in which the ruler is accountable to law and legislature
1688 revolution
Agricultural Revolution
1700s
-Ag practices started to change and get better
-Started in England and Northern France (because these people had a reason to make things better due to increased interest in trade)
-Key innovations: cultivating new land, consolidating land, crop rotation, animal husbandry
-Consequences: population growth, growth of cities, from ag revolution to industrial revolution
Enclosure
Commons and drained marshes
Commons
land or resources belonging to or affecting the whole of a community.
Ottoman Empire
-European nation that was very powerful from 1453 and 1630
-Bound to Europe by trade
-Muslim empire
The Enlightenment
-A philosophical movement during the late 17th century and early 18th century
-Reform vs revolution (smith vs rousseau)
-Smith: ideas of free trade that can be established by any type of govt to make people happy (reform)
-Rousseau: have to change the system in the best possible way by using reason (revolution)
The Encyclopedia
1751-1780
An attempt to present a summary of all human knowledge
Making of things is a science in its own right
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
-Philosophe of Revolution
-The state of nature
-In exchange for the advantages of civilization you lose your freedom
-In civilization we need to find a way to reclaim some of this freedom
-On the Social Contract
Every society if based on a contract between ruler and ruled
-The general will
Whatever we all decide it is
True source of all political legitimacy and authority
Opinion of all the people in the society
Adam Smith
-Philosophe of Reform
-Factories
-Cotton trade increases with new machinery
-Division of labor
Assembly line
-Economic Law
The Wealth of Nations 1776
First law: people are naturally selfish
Second Law: People are naturally inclined to trade with one another
Estates General
May 1789
An assembly of representatives from all three of the estates, or social classes, in France.
Versailles
First, Second, Third Estates
1780s
Social Classes in France during the Old Regime:
1st=Clergy; 2nd=Nobles; 3rd= Everyone else
Maximilien Robespierre
-third estate
-Rousseau thinking
-General Will
-Jacobins
-Single Will
-The Terror
The Terror
Late 1700s
-Dealing with crisis by imposing single will
-Forcing people to be free by making them let go of their private will to make room for the general will and if they don't they will be killed
-Functions like law
Guillotine
June 1793
Machine used to execute people
Using it on the moderate Girondins to kill any revolution
The Directory
1795-1799
The five-man executive committee that ruled France in its own interests as a republic after Robespierre's execution and prior to Napoleon's coming to power.
Napoleon Bonaparte
Overthrew the French revolutionary government (The Directory) in 1799 and became emperor of France in 1804. Failed to defeat Great Britain and abdicated in 1814. Returned to power briefly in 1815 but was defeated and died in exile.
Coup of 18 Brumaire
Nov 9, 1799
Napoleon overthrows the Directory and establishes himself as one of three consuls of France.
The Hundred Days
The brief period during 1815 when Napoleon made his last bid for power, deposing the French King and again becoming Emperor of France. Ended with the Battle of Waterloo
Battle of Waterloo
1815
The allies of Europe were afraid that Napoleon would continue his reign by taking over more land so they joined together to defeat him.
Bonaparte's final defeat
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