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MICR2123 - Exam 2 Review

Terms in this set (57)

All of the genetic material specifying a particular organism is know as
Genome
The location on DNA that controls whether or not a gene is transcribed is termed:
A promoter
The complementarity of DNA base pairing means that C always pairs with _ and A always pairs with _
G;T
The main enzyme that synthesizes a new DNA strand using an existing DNA strand as the template
DNA Polymerase III
Unwinds the DNA helix ahead of the replication machinery
Helicase
Cleaves and degrades remaining RNA primers after they are used to begin DNA polymerization
RNAse H
Synthesizes a short RNA primer need to begin DNA polymerization
DNA primase
Repairs a nick in the DNA backbone between a 5' phosphate and a 3' -OH
DNA ligase
Synthesizes DNA to fill in the gaps left after RNA primer degradation
DNA polymerase I
Opens the DNA helix at ore to allow other replication machinery to begin loading
Initiator protein (DnaA)
Why do many microbes keep their genomes negatively supercoiled?
Negative supercoiling makes it easier to unwind the DNA helix
True or False: During replication both newly synthesized strands are polymerized continuously; one is polymerized from 5' to 3' and the other is polymerized from 3' to 5'
False
A _ is an enzyme whose specific job is to alter the supercoiling state of DNA
Topoisomerase
In DNA helix, nucleotides on the same strand are connected by _ bonds, whereas complementary bases on opposite strands are connected by _ bonds
phosphodiester; hydrogen
the synthesis of RNA using a DNA template
transcription
the synthesis of protein using a mRNA template
translation
the synthesis of DNA using a DNA template
replication
the genetic code is _, meaning that multiple codons encode the same amino acid, and _, meaning that virtually all species use the same code
degenerate; universal
The main enzyme of transcription is called _. This is composed of a _ that recognizes the _ upstream of a gene and the _ that adds the nucleotides to the growing RNA chain
RNA polymerase holoenzyme; sigma factor; promoter; core enzyme
Which is not an DNA repair mechanism?
Restriction endonuclease
Mutation that does not change the identity of the encoded amino acid
silent mutation
mutation that changes the identity of a single encoded amino acid
missense mutation
change in the identity of a single nitrogenous base
point mutation
mutation that introduces a stop codon into a coding sequence
nonsense mutation
mutation that changes the reading frame of a coding sequence
frameshift mutation
insertion/deletion mutation
addition or removal of one or more nucleotides
Which is NOT one of the tRNA binding sites in the ribosome
the C (codon) site
The nitrogenous bases of RNA are not the same as DNA is:
RNA has uracil in place of thymine
DNA and RNA are always polymerized
from 5' to 3'
There are two mechanisms for transcription termination. One depends on the _ protein, whereas the other depends on the _ protein
Rho; NusA
Ensuring that the tRNA molecules are loaded with their correct amino acids is the responsibility of which set of enzymes?
Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases
The ribosome binding sequence (RBS) on mRNA helps position the ribosome on the mRNA by interacting with which component of the ribosome?
The 16S rRNA of the small subunit
The codon AUG on mRNA is also known as
a start codon
The process in which bacteriophages carry host DNA from one cell to another is known as
Conjugation
True or False: An operon is 2 or more genes that are transcribed on a single mRNA transcript
True
A cell that is capable of improving free RNA into its cytoplasm is termed:
competent
Cells take up DNA from their environment so as to:
Use the DNA as "food". repair damaged ones, acquire new genes
Conjugation typically transfers a _ from one cell to another by means of a _.
plasmid, sex pilus
the F plasmid is transferred among cells via
transduction
A bacteriophage is a type of
virus
The bacterial species Agrobacterium tumefaciens is notable for its ability to
transfer DNA to plants
Restriction endonucleases:
cleave all sorts of DNA that enters the cell AND at a specific spot, and are used as tools in molecular genetics
Homologenous recombination refers to the process by which
Donor DNA is exchanged with recipient RNA at a site where the donor and recipient sequences are similar
Agents that cause chemical changes to DNA molecules are termed
Mutagens
Ultraviolet light can cause mutations in DNA. The primary mechanism by which this occurs is through the formation of
Pyrimidine dimers
phophodisester bond
a
Ribose
b
nitrogenous base
c
5'
d (starting at CH2)
3'
e (ending at C)
46-50, is it DNA or RNA
RNA
leading strand
a
lagging strand
b
okazaki fragment
c
RNA primer
d
3' to 5' strand
e and f
5' to 3' strand (with okazaki fragments)
g and h
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