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Theories of Growth & Development

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A clinic nurse is preparing to discuss the concepts of moral development with a mother. The nurse understands that according to Kohlberg's theory of moral development, in the preconventional level, moral development is thought to be motivated by which of the following?
A) Peer pressure
B) Social pressures
C) Parent's behavior
D) Punishment & reward
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A clinic nurse is preparing to discuss the concepts of moral development with a mother. The nurse understands that according to Kohlberg's theory of moral development, in the preconventional level, moral development is thought to be motivated by which of the following?
A) Peer pressure
B) Social pressures
C) Parent's behavior
D) Punishment & reward
D) Punishment & Reward

In the preconventional stage, morals are thought to be motivated by punishment & reward. If the child is obedient & is not punished, then the child is being moral. The child sees actions as good or bad. If the child's actions are bad, the child is punished.
A maternity nurse is providing instructions to a new mother regarding the psychosocial development theory, the nurse instructs the mother to:
A) Allow the newborn infant to signal a need
B) Anticipate all the needs of the newborn infant
C) Attend to the infant immediately when crying
D) Avoid the infant during the 1st 10 mins of crying
A) Allow the newborn infant to signal a need

According to Erikson, the caregiver should not try to anticipate the newborn infant's needs at all times but must allow the infant to signal needs. If a newborn infant is not allowed to signal a need, the newborn will not learn how to control the environment. Erikson believed that a delayed or prolonged response to a newborn infant's signal would inhibit the development of trust and lead to mistrust of others.
A mother of a 3 y/o tells a clinic nurse that the child is rebelling constantly & having temper tantrums. Using Erikson's psychosocial development therory, the nurse tells the mother to:
A) Set limits on the child's behavior
B) Ignore the child when this behavior occurs
C) Allow the behavior, b/c it's normal at this age period
D) Punish the child every time the child says "no" to change the behavior
A) Set limits on the child's behavior

According to Erikson, the child focuses on gaining some basic control over self & the environment & independence between ages 1-3 yrs. Gaining independence often means that the child has to revel against the parents' wishes. Saying things like "no" or "mine" & having temper tantrums are common during this period of development. Being consistent & setting limits on the child's behavior are necessary elements. Options B & C do not address the child's behavior. Option D is likely to produce a negative response during this normal development pattern.
The mother of an 8 y/o child tells the clinic nurse that she is concerned about the child b/c the child seems to be more attentive to friends than anything else. Using Erikson's psychosocial development theory, the appropriate nursing response is which of the following?
A) "You need to be concerned."
B) "You need to monitor the child's behavior closely."
C) "At this age, the child is developing his own personality."
D) "You need to provide more praise to the child to stop this behavior."
C) "At this age, the child is developing his own personality."

According to Erikson, during school-age yrs (6-12 y/o), the child begins to move toward peers & friends & away from the parents for support. The child also begins to develop special interests that reflect his/her own developing personality instead of the parents.
The mother of a 4 y/o calls the clinic nurse & expresses concern b/c the child has been masturbating. Using Freud's psychosexual stages of development, the appropriate response by the nurse is which of the following?
A) "This is a normal behavior at this age."
B) "Children usu begin this behavior at 8 y/o."
C) "This is not normal behavior, the child should be seen by the physician."
D) "The child is very young to begin this behavior & should be brought to the clinic."
A) "This is a normal behavior at this age."

According to Freud's psychosexual stages of development, between the ages of 3 & 6 the child is in the phalic stage. At this time, the child devotes much energy to examining his/her genitalia, masturbating, & expressing interest in sexual concerns.