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Research midterm 2019 TIU -2

Terms in this set (24)

What is the difference between Validity and Reliability?
Validity- the degree to which inferences reflect how things are in actuality (does the research/test measure or test what it says it measures?)

Reliability- A particular measurement technique, when applied repeatedly to the same object, would yield the same result each time. The more reliable the measure, the less random error
What is internal validity?
Degree of certainty with which one can conclude causal relationships
What is external validity?
Degree to which the relationship can be generalized across units, treatments, outcomes, and settings
What is construct validity?
Degree to which a chosen variable captures the hypothetical construct (i.e. the degree to which the measured variables used in the study represent the hypothesized constructs) - Degree to which what you're talking about matches what you're talking about: Researcher + Audience = Same Page (High construct validity means it matches on every level)
What is statistical conclusion validity
Degree to which the researcher has come to the correct conclusion through statistical analyses (about this relationship)
What are the different types of Research Designs covered in this course ?
Qualitative Research; Quantitative Research; Mixed Methods Design
What is qualitative research?
Relies upon a naturalistic and interpretive approach in order to understand the research question of interest. Research is exploratory in nature and relies upon the relationship between the researcher and the subject of exploration to illuminate meaning. (Open-ended questions - focuses on depth)
What is quantitative research
Paint a broad picture of the relationship among the constructs assessed through generating and averaging nomothetic data over a relatively large number of participants (Focuses on breadth)
What is the Independent Variable ?
Manipulated or controlled in the study (treatment or no treatment. May also be a condition, e.g., cognitive treatment vs interpersonal treatment)
What is the Null Hypothesis?
Predicts that there is no relationship between the variables in the study ( no relationship between the Independent Variable and the dependent variable)
What is the Alternative Hypothesis?
States that there is some true relationship between the variables
Descriptive Laboratory Studies-
Characterized by Investigations that DO NOT exercise experimental controls (such as Randomization or Manipulation of the Independent Variables).

Low Internal Validity and Low External Validity
Descriptive Field Studies -
Investigations that DO NOT Exercise Experimental Controls, and Controls, and are conducted in a Real-Life Setting. (real life settings .. high external validity)

Low Internal Validity and High External Validity
Experimental Laboratory Studies
Characterized by Manipulation of the Independent Variables and are Conducted in a Laboratory Setting.

High in Internal Validity and Low in External Validity
Experimental Field Studies
Investigations that Manipulate Independent Variables and are Conducted in a Real-Life Setting.

High Internal and External Validity
What is critical theory?
Social constructions are shaped by social, political, historical, and economic forces.
What is the definition of evidence based practice? (EBP)
A process in which the best scientific evidence pertinent to a practice decision is an important part of the information practitioners consider when making that practice decision.
What is ethnicity?
Characterized by sharing cultural characteristics, national origins, religious affiliations, or other types of socially or geographically defined group
What is culture?
The values, beliefs, language, rituals, traditions, and other behaviors that are passed down from one generation to another within any social group (Subjective Culture)
What is race?
Biological components where people are divided into groups based on similar physical features and behavioral tendencies. Pay close attention to the following:
- Mongoloid - Ancestors were born in East Asia
- Caucasoid - Ancestors were born in Europe
- Negroid - Ancestors were born in Sub-Saharan Africa
What is a threat to internal validity? How can you minimize the threat?
Selection= existing group differences prior to treatment due to selection methods;

Minimized through utilizing random assignment.
What is a threat to external validity? How can you minimize the threat?
Treatment variations= does the treatment have to be given exactly as it was in the clinical trial in order for it to be effective?

Minimized by assuring that treatment variations do not affect generalizability.
What is a threat to construct validity? How can you minimize the threat?
Mono-method bias= using a single method to measure a construct.

Minimized by using multiple ways to measure a construct.
What is a threat to statistical conclusion validity? How can you minimize the threat?
Low power= insufficient sample size to detect true effect.

Minimized by conducting power analysis to determine adequate sample size.
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