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AP BIO ECOLOGY

Terms in this set (35)

aquatic ecosystems
cover roughly 75% of the Earth's surface; they help with 02 production and CO2 consumption
Ocean water regions
photic zone- upper region with light
aphotic zone- lower region without light
benthic zone- bottom of the ocean; no sunlight, no photosynthesis; producers use chemosynthesis
abyss- deepest parts of the benthic zone
pelagic zone- area ranging from the surface to bottom in the mid-region for the body of water
thermocline- temperature gradients
Fresh water regions
littoral zone- shallows
limnetic zone- "middle" surface region; mostly phytoplankton and zooplankton
profundal zone- deep "middle" region
benthic zone- bottom area
pelagic zone- area ranges from surface to bottom in the "mid-region"
population
the same species, same time, same place, and showing signs of reproduction
community
collection of interaction populations within the same given area
long day plants
these plants flower when nights are SHORTER than a critical length
short day plants
plants that flower when nights are longer than a critical length
transpiration
water loss through the stomata; regulated by guard cells; guard cells are controlled by phytochromes and Potassium ions for movement; Potassium is moved by active transport and water follows; Potassium is pumped in to the guard cells(they swell b/c of water and open the stomata); Potassium is pumped out of the guard cells(they go flaccid and the stomata closes); stomata must be open to allow CO2 into leaf for photosynthesis to occur; transpiration rates are influenced by light intensity(increase), wind(increase), and humidity(decrease)
Phototropism
growth response of plants to light
water cycle
water vapor is created by sun causing evaporation of the bodies of water(oceans and lakes). water vapor is then carried by the winds to almost the whole world. It condenses in the air to make rain or snow(precipitation) and is returned to land/ocean; plants take in the water and use it for photosynthesis nut also can lose it in the form of transpiration to the air.
carbon cycle
carbon dioxide is removed from the air by photosynthesizing organisms such as plants, phytoplankton and bacteria. carbon dioxide aids in development of sugars during photosynthesis. sugars are then passed from organism to organism through food chain. all organisms then release the carbon by performing cellular respiration in their cells. the burning of plant materials, natural gas, and fossil fuels put carbon dioxide back into the air as well.
nitrogen cycle
majority of nitrogen is removed from the air by water; the nitrogen in the water is consumed by Nitrogen Fixing bacteria(soil) that convert it into ammonium(NH4). The ammonium can then be absorbed by plants to help make proteins, DNA, and RNA. Some NH4 in the soil is consumed by Nitrifying bacteria and converted to Nitrite(NO2) first and then into Nitrate(NO3) NITRIFICATION denitrifying bacteria eat nitrates and break it down to oxygen and nitrogen gas and is returned to the air DENITRIFICATION When life forms die the decomposing bodies create ammonia and is converted by bacteria into ammonium to be used again by plants and bacteria AMMONIFICATION
phosphorous cycle
phosphorous is initially a component of rock. weathering occurs(breaking down of rock) and the phosphorous is released into the soil. some dissolves into water as rain passes through soil. it then makes it way into bodies of water and is available for producers(phytoplankton) to use to help make organic compounds(Phospholipids and DNA/RNA) Plants can also retrieve the phosphorous from the soil and use it to make organic compounds too. when organisms die, decomposers break down the bodies and return phosphorous back into soil to be reused.
endotherms
animals that generate heat from their internal metabolism
ectotherms
animals(reptiles) conform their body temperature to the surrounding environments; no need to sweat; most of these are found in very warm environments like deserts
altruistic behavior
unselfish behavior that is for the benefit of all; influenced by kin relationship; bee sacrificing itself for it's colony
Type 1 survivorship curve
many young->numerous middle->few old; favors young and organisms are usually at the top of food chain; extensive parental care and energy investment
Type 2 survivorship curve
constant decline in population; organism may be another food source for another organism
Type 3 survivorship curve
many young->few middle and old; harsh environment because most of the young die at an early age; practically no parental investment
exponential growth model(ideal growth)
r-selection species; density-independent; j curve graph; environment has unlimited resources; occurs mainly in new environments and pioneer species such as bacteria, lichens, and mosses
logistic growth model(realistic growth)
k-selection species(carrying capacity); density-dependent; s curve graph; environment has limited resources; lag time(accounts for overshoot)- takes time to begin to see the effects; allee effect- situation occurs when you have a small number of organisms; this low number causes inbreeding to occur and then this results in no variation
age structure pyramids
show the number of individuals at each age group(cohorts); used to identify current trends/problems; can be used to identify future trends/problems
symbiosis
A close relationship between two species that benefits at least one of the species
competition
negative interaction between two organisms; exists because a resource is in small supply; populations are small; competitive exclusion model-states each species had it's own niche in an environment; two species cannot occupy the same niche
mutualism
A relationship between two species in which both species benefit; promotes co-evolution
parasitism
A relationship between two organisms of different species where one benefits and the other is harmed; death does not occur but harm is done to another species
Three Types: Ectoparasites- these attack from the outside(mosquito)
Endoparasites- these attach from the inside(tapeworm)
Parasitoidism- insects laying eggs
commensalism
A relationship between two organisms in which one organism benefits and the other is unaffected; few exist in nature and it is hard to see if there is no reciprocal effect
primary succession
"starting from scratch"; using pioneer species- lichens and mosses; climax community- hardwood forest exists all over; lichens->grasses->bushes->gymnosperms->hardwood trees->climax
secondary succession
"starting over at the grasses level" (farming of fields to grow crops); grasses->bushes->gymnosperms->hardwood trees->climax
boom bust cycle
describes a predator/prey relationship mainly; shows the lag time for other species to adjust to a a change in a species population number; promotes natural selection(co evolution)
transplant species
species from another area living in a foreign environment
hadley model
shows that at the equator we have mostly water on a global perspective; due to the intense heat the water evaporates and rises; it then begins to move higher in the air and toward the poles, the water vapor cools and condenses into rain. the rain mainly falls out of the air before reaching the Tropics what is why we mainly find Rainforests between tropics. since all the moisture is gone from the air by the time the wind reaches the Tropics, we see deserts along the Tropic lines; ant water is evaporates b/c of high heat
optimal foraging theory
a cost analysis of energy input vs. energy yield
classical conditioning
repeating of the stimulus; Pavlov's dog experiment: he would ring a bell and then the dog's food would appear; each time bell was rung dog would salivate because of anticipation of food even tho no food was given; dog associated the ringing with the food
operant conditioning
trial and error; Skinner's box and mice: a mouse is put in a wooden box maze and trying to find a push down lever to be released; it took smaller amounts of time to decide to pull the lever down to get the food; eventually it becomes an automatic response
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