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Terms in this set (374)
Interferon:
a) is not released from virus-infected cells.
b) triggers the production of viral-blocking enzymes by cells that have not yet been invaded by viruses.
c) directly breaks down viral messenger RNA and inhibits protein synthesis, both of which are essential for viral replication.
d) two of these answers.
e) all of these answers.
a) is not released from virus-infected cells.
b) triggers the production of viral-blocking enzymes by cells that have not yet been invaded by viruses.
c) directly breaks down viral messenger RNA and inhibits protein synthesis, both of which are essential for viral replication.
d) two of these answers.
e) all of these answers.
Plasma cells:
a) are not derived from B cells.
b) have an expanded rough endoplasmic reticulum.
c) do not secrete antibodies but remain dormant and expand the clone specific for the invading antigen.
d) are not derived from B cells and have an expanded rough endoplasmic reticulum.
e) all of these answers.
a) are not derived from B cells.
b) have an expanded rough endoplasmic reticulum.
c) do not secrete antibodies but remain dormant and expand the clone specific for the invading antigen.
d) are not derived from B cells and have an expanded rough endoplasmic reticulum.
e) all of these answers.
Active immunity:
a) is self-generated upon exposure to antigen.
b) can be produced only as a result of a person actually having the disease.
c) involves administration of preformed antibodies.
d) is shorter in duration than passive immunity.
e) is acquired in the newborn as a result of the transfer of antibodies across the pla-centa during intrauterine development.
a) is self-generated upon exposure to antigen.
b) can be produced only as a result of a person actually having the disease.
c) involves administration of preformed antibodies.
d) is shorter in duration than passive immunity.
e) is acquired in the newborn as a result of the transfer of antibodies across the pla-centa during intrauterine development.
Which of the following is not a possible cause of autoimmune disease?
a) reduction in suppressor T cell activity.
b) prolonged treatment with anti-inflammatory drugs.
c) exposure of normally inaccessible self-antigens.
d) modification of normal self-antigens.
e) exposure of the immune system to a foreign antigen almost identical structurally to a self-antigen.
a) reduction in suppressor T cell activity.
b) prolonged treatment with anti-inflammatory drugs.
c) exposure of normally inaccessible self-antigens.
d) modification of normal self-antigens.
e) exposure of the immune system to a foreign antigen almost identical structurally to a self-antigen.
T or F. Debris trapped on the sticky mucus lining the respiratory airways is primarily cleared away by the alveolar macrophages.fIn the following equation, which quantity represents the volume of your normal breath?
Total lung capacity = residual volume + expiratory reserve volume + inspiratory reserve volume + tidal volume.
a) Expiratory reserve volume
b) Inspiratory reserve volume
c) Residual volume
d) Tidal volume
e) Total lung capacitydAir flows into the lungs of mammals during inhalation because the
a) pressure in the lungs falls below atmospheric pressure.
b) volume of the lungs decreases.
c) pressure in the lungs rises above atmospheric pressure.
d) diaphragm moves upward toward the lungs.aIn acidic tissues, hemoglobin releases _______ it does in less acidic environments.
a) more O2 than
b) less O2 than
c) more CO2 than
d) less CO2 than
e) the same amount of O2 and CO2 asaChemoreceptors on the surface of the medulla are sensitive to
a) O2.
b) N2.
c) surfactant.
d) CO2.
e) None of the abovedThe movement of O2 and CO2 between the blood in the tissue capillaries and the cells in tissues depends most directly upon
a) active transport of O2 and CO2.
b) total atmospheric (barometric) pressure differences across the cell membranes.
c) diffusion of O2 and CO2 down a concentration gradient.
d) diffusion of O2 and CO2 down a partial pressure gradient.dMost of the CO2 in the blood is transported
a) bound with hemoglobin.
b) as dissolved gas.
c) as bicarbonate ions ( HCO3-).
d) as carbonic acid (H2CO3).
e) as calcium carbonate.cWhen intra-alveolar pressure becomes greater than atmospheric pressure:
a) Air will flow out of the lungs.
b) Air will flow into the lungs.
c) There will be no air flow.
d) Both (a) and (b) above.
e) None of these answers.aDuring inspiration:
a) Intra-alveolar pressure falls below atmospheric pressure.
b) The diaphragm contracts.
c) The internal intercostal muscles contract.
d) Both (a) and (b) above.
e) All of these answers.dThe volume of air that is breathed in and out during one cycle of ventilation is termed the:
a) Tidal volume.
b) Functional residual capacity.
c) Residual volume.
d) Vital capacity.
e) No air remains in the lungs after maximal expiration.aT or F. The bronchioles are the sites of gas exchange in the lungs.fT or F. A high partial pressures of O2 is required for all four hemoglobin subunits to bind to O2.aWhere are the leukocyte "Dendritic Cells" found?
A. Epidermis
B. Brain
C. Spleen
D. Tonsils
E. Connective Tissue
F. Lymph NodesaWhere are the leukocyte "T-Lymphocytes" found? (select all that apply)
A. Epidermis
B. Brain
C. Spleen
D. Tonsils
E. Connective Tissue
F. Lymph NodescdfWhere are the leukocyte "Microglia" found?
A. Epidermis
B. Brain
C. Spleen
D. Tonsils
E. Connective Tissue
F. Lymph NodesbWhere are the leukocyte "Mast Cells" found?
A. Epidermis
B. Brain
C. Spleen
D. Tonsils
E. Connective Tissue
F. Lymph NodeseSelect all that are categories of cytokines.
A. Interleukins (regulate immune cells)
B. Interferons (destroys tumor cells)
C. Tumor necrosis factor (stimulate leucopoiesis)
D. Colony stimulating factor (anti-viral and pro-inflammatory agents)abcdT or F. Tumor necrosis factor is a class of cytokine that destroys tumor cells.tWhich chemical mediator match the description: "Lysozomes; prevent microbial growth or kill microorganisms"
A. Surface Chemicals
B. Histamines
C. Kinins
D. Interferons
E. Prostaglandins
F. LeukotrienesaWhich chemical mediator match the description: "Amine released from basophils, platelets, and mast cells; cause vasodilation"
A. Surface Chemicals
B. Histamines
C. Kinins
D. Interferons
E. Prostaglandins
F. LeukotrienesbWhich chemical mediator match the description: "Polypeptides derived from plasma proteins; cause vasodilation"
A. Surface Chemicals
B. Histamines
C. Kinins
D. Interferons
E. Prostaglandins
F. LeukotrienescWhich chemical mediator match the description: "Proteins produced by cells; interfere with virus production"
A. Surface Chemicals
B. Histamines
C. Kinins
D. Interferons
E. Prostaglandins
F. LeukotrienesdWhich chemical mediator match the description: "Group of lipids; cause smooth muscle relaxtion and vasodilation"
A. Surface Chemicals
B. Histamines
C. Kinins
D. Interferons
E. Prostaglandins
F. LeukotrieneseWhich chemical mediator match the description: "Group of lipids; cause smooth muscle contraction"
A. Surface Chemicals
B. Histamines
C. Kinins
D. Interferons
E. Prostaglandins
F. LeukotrienesfNonspecific Resistance (nr) or Immunity (i) ?
"SKIN"nrNonspecific Resistance (nr) or Immunity (i) ?
"A FEVER AS A RESULT OF BACTERIAL INFECTION"nrNonspecific Resistance (nr) or Immunity (i) ?
"NATURAL KILLER CELLS PATROL THE BODY ON THE LOOKOUT FOR DISEASED HOST CELLS"nrNonspecific Resistance (nr) or Immunity (i) ?
"THE INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE"nrNonspecific Resistance (nr) or Immunity (i) ?
"PRODUCING AN ANTIBODY AGAINST A COLD VIRUS"iNonspecific Resistance (nr) or Immunity (i) ?
"A TETANUS VACCINATION STIMULATES THE BODY TO PRODUCE ANTBODIES AGAINST THE C. tetani BACTERIA"iNonspecific Resistance (nr) or Immunity (i) ?
"ANTIBODIES PASS FROM THE PLACENTA INTO THE FETUS"iNonspecific Resistance (nr) or Immunity (i) ?
"RECEIVING ANTI-VENOM AFTER BEING BITTEN BY A RATTLESNAKE"iIs the following item classified as a First (1), Second (2), or Third (3) Line of Defense?
"SKIN"1Is the following item classified as a First (1), Second (2), or Third (3) Line of Defense?
"MUCOSAL MEMBRANES"1Is the following item classified as a First (1), Second (2), or Third (3) Line of Defense?
"EOSINOPHILS"2Is the following item classified as a First (1), Second (2), or Third (3) Line of Defense?
"INFLAMMATION"2Is the following item classified as a First (1), Second (2), or Third (3) Line of Defense?
"FEVER"2Is the following item classified as a First (1), Second (2), or Third (3) Line of Defense?
"CELL-MEDIATED IMMUNITY"3Is the following item classified as a First (1), Second (2), or Third (3) Line of Defense?
"LYMPHOCYTES"3Is the following item classified as a First (1), Second (2), or Third (3) Line of Defense?
"ANTIBODIES"3Which of the following is not an example of nonspecific (innate) immunity?
A. Antigens
B. Natural killer cells
C. Phagocytic cells
D. Skin
E. Acid in the stomacha-The _____________ defense system is what we are born with and it is nonspecific; all antigens are attacked pretty much equally.
-It is _________________ based and we pass it on to our offspring.innate, genetically-Parts of immunity, or ____________ resistance, are changeable and can adapt to better attack the invading antigen.
-There are two fundamental adaptive mechanisms: cell-mediated immunity and ____________ immunity.specific, humoralA _____________ barrier prevents microorganisms from entering the body.physicalA ________________mediator kills microorganisms and promotes inflammation.chemicalWhich of the following "Attacks parasites" ?
A. Neutrophils
B. Basophils
C. EosinophilscWhich of the following "Releases granulates of heparin" ?
A. Neutrophils
B. Basophils
C. EosinophilsbWhich of the following is the "First to arrive" ?
A. Neutrophils
B. Basophils
C. EosinophilsaWhich of the following is "Respiratory burst" ?
A. Neutrophils
B. Basophils
C. EosinophilsaWhich of the following "Releases granulates of histamine" ?
A. Neutrophils
B. Basophils
C. EosinophilsbWhich of the following is the "Most abundant" ?
A. Neutrophils
B. Basophils
C. EosinophilsaFill in the blanks with the terms provided. Not all terms will be used. They may be used twice.
Interleukin; Macrophages; Eicosanoids; TNF; Histamine; Heparin; Mast Cells; Neutrophils; Basophils
*Basophils and _______________ are both proinflammatory chemical secreting cells. Recall that ________________ circulate in the blood, and _________________ reside in connective tissue of the skin, mucosal linings, and various internal organs. These cells release granules during the inflammatory response. These cellular granules contain various substances including ______________, which increases both vasodilation and capillary permeability, and _______________, an anticoagulant. They also release ____________________ from their plasma membrane which increase(s) inflammation.mast cells, basophils, mast cells, histamine, heparin, eicosanoids- After a _____________ enters the body it must be destroyed.
- One type of response by the body's _______________ of defense is phagocytosis.pathogen, secondline- Macrophages are the biggest ________________. They float in the bloodstream as monocytes, enter tissue, and turn into macrophages.
- For example, ______________ macrophages live in the lungs and keep the lungs clean and disease free.
- Lastly dendritic cells, also called __________________ cells, live in the skin.phagocyte, alveolar, langerhansAll of the following processes can be activated by complement except
A. opsonization.
B. antibody production.
C. inflammation.
D. cytolysis.bOpsonization is...
A. membrane attack complex formation, resulting in cytolysis.
B. enhancing phagocytosis.
C. when complement results in inflammation.
D. the production of antibodies.bComplement proteins C5-C9 can form a membrane attack complex that results in...
A. cytolysis.
B. inflammation.
C. opsonization.
D. enhanced phagocytosis.aT or F. Complement factors are named in the order in which they function.fT or F. In the classical pathway of complement activation, complement attaches to an antigen-antibody complex.tWhen interferon from one cell attaches to a second cell...
A. the recipient cell makes enzymes that prevent cell metabolism.
B. the second cell now makes interferon and saves itself.
C. the recipient cell makes enzymes that degrade viral RNA and DNA.
D. the recipient cell is able to kill bacteria.cT or F. Interferon may induce the degradation of viral RNA or DNA and inhibits the synthesis of viral proteins.tDoes this characteristic associate with Complement (c) or Interferons (i) ?
"RELEASED FROM VIRUS- INFECTED CELLS"iDoes this characteristic associate with Complement (c) or Interferons (i) ?
"STIMULATES DESTRUCTION OF VIRAL DNA"iDoes this characteristic associate with Complement (c) or Interferons (i) ?
"STIMULATES DESTRUCTION OF VIRUS- INFECTED CELLS"iDoes this characteristic associate with Complement (c) or Interferons (i) ?
"CAN BIND DIRECTLY TO ANTIGEN"cDoes this characteristic associate with Complement (c) or Interferons (i) ?
"CAN BIND ANTIBODY"cDoes this characteristic associate with Complement (c) or Interferons (i) ?
"FORMS MEMBRANE ATTACK COMPLEX"cIs this T or F regarding the complement system?
"The classical pathway of complement activation is activated when antigens bind to antibodies."tIs this T or F regarding the complement system?
"During complement fixation, the proteins attach to the cell membrane and destroy the target cell."tIs this T or F regarding the complement system?
"The alternative pathway of complement activation is faster than the classic pathway."fIs this T or F regarding the complement system?
"Of the nine complement proteins, C5 - C9 form the membrane attack complex."tT or F. The inflammatory response is a specific defense mechanism that the body initiates against tissue damage.fSelect all that occur during inflammation.
A. Chemical mediators cause vasodilation
B. Blood flow is decreased to the area
C. Vascular permeability is decreased
D. Fibrin walls off the infected area
E. Complement attracts phagocytes to the areaadeComplete each sentence with the correct word. Not all terms will be used.
*Specific; Diapedesis; Phagocytize; Antibodies; Nonspecific, Chemotaxis, Complement; Antigens
- In the first step of local inflammation, antigens on the surface of bacteria bind with _____________.
- Exposure to ___________ cause(s) mast cells to release histamine.
- Neutrophils and macrophages ______________ bacteria.
- The production of antibodies by B-cells is an example of ______________ immunity.
- Activation of complement proteins is an example of _________________ immunity.
- Leukocytes are attracted to certain chemicals produced by bacteria and roll along the wall of the vessel toward them, a process called _________________.antibodies, antigens, phagocytize, specific, nonspecific, chemotaxisArrange the following in the sequence in which they occur during the inflammatory response.
1. Neutrophils roll along endothelium
2. Integrin activation
3. Margination
A. 3, 1, 2
B. 2, 1, 3
C. 1, 2, 3
D. 2, 3, 1
E. 3, 2, 1cDuring the inflammatory response ______ degranulate and release ________.
A. mast cells; histamine
B. endothelial cells; cytokine
C. endothelial cells; chemotactine
D. endothelial cells; histamine
E. mast cells; cytokineaPlace a single word into each sentence to make it correct. Not all terms will be used.
*Promote; Fever; Harmful; Accelerate; Decrease; Reproduction; Beneficial; Inhibit.
- A _________ is an abnormal elevation of the body temperature.
- A low to moderate fever, when allowed to run its course, can be _____________.
- Fever can ___________ interferon activity.
- Fever can also ___________ tissue repair.
- Lastly, fever will inhibit the ________________ of bacteria and viruses.fever, beneficial, promote, accelerate, reproductionFill in the blanks with the terms provided. Not all terms will be used.
*Bacteria; Innate; Increases; Decreases; Interleukin; Interferon; Viruses; Tissue; Adaptive
-A fever inhibits reproduction of ____________and viruses, promotes ___________ activity, __________ activity of __________ immunity, and accelerates ________ repair.bacteria, interferon, increases, adaptive, tissueNumber the events that occur with fever in the correct sequence. 1-9
-Decreased stimulation of the hypothalamus.
-Metabolic rate increases.
-Temperature returns to its normal set point. -Elevated temperature is maintained.
-Blood vessels vasodilate.
-The hypothalamus stimulates blood vessels in the dermis to vasodilate.
-Body temperature rises.
-Minerals released by the liver and spleen to slow microbial reproduction.
-Pyrogens are released and circulate in the blood.8 6 9 5 3 2 4 7 1T or F. Fragments of foreign proteins that can initiate an immune response are referred to as antibodies.fT or F. A hapten is an antigen capable of stimulating antibody production.fFill in the blanks with the terms provided. Not all terms will be used.
*Location; Immunogen; Hapten; Epitope; Quantity; Increases; Decreases; Immunogenicity.
-An antigen that induces an immune response is more specifically called a(n) ___________, and its ability to cause an immune response is termed its ______________. Important attributes that affect an antigen's immunogenicity include degree of foreignness, size, complexity, and the ____________ of the antigen. An increase in one or more of these attributes ______________ the antigen's ability to elicit an immune response.immunogen, immunogenicity, quantity, increasesT or F regarding haptens?
"Haptens bound to a protein or other carrier can stimulate an adaptive immune response."tT or F regarding haptens?
"Haptens bound to a protein or other carrier can stimulate an allergic response."tT or F regarding haptens?
"The likelihood of a reaction to a hapten decreases with subsequent exposure."fT or F regarding haptens?
"Penicillin is an example of a hapten."tFill in the spaces to accurately complete the sentences on the right regarding antigens.
*Nonself-antigens; Free molecules; Plasma membranes; Epitopes; Antigen; Hapten; Self-antigens.
- Any molecule that triggers an immune response is called a(n) ___________.
- Venoms and toxins are ____________________ while others are components of _____________________ or bacterial cell walls.
- The uniqueness of antigen molecules helps prevent the immune system from attacking _____________________.
- The regions of antigens that trigger immune responses are called _____________.antigen, free molecules, plasma membranes, self-antigens, epitopesForeign substances that elicit an immune response are termed...
A. antigens.
B. aquaporins.
C. APCs.
D. antibodies.
E. agglutinins.aIs the following characteristic associated with B-cell receptors(BCR) or T-cell receptors(TCR)?
"Can have direct contact with exogenous antigen"bcrIs the following characteristic associated with B-cell receptors(BCR) or T-cell receptors(TCR)?
"Associate with coreceptors"tcrIs the following characteristic associated with B-cell receptors(BCR) or T-cell receptors(TCR)?
"Associate with CD8 proteins"tcrIs the following characteristic associated with B-cell receptors(BCR) or T-cell receptors(TCR)?
"Associate with CD4 proteins"tcrIs the following characteristic associated with B-cell receptors(BCR) or T-cell receptors(TCR)?
"Recognizes processed antigen"tcrT or F. B-Lymphocyte receptors cannot bind the antigen directly, but instead must have it processed by another cell first.fT or F. Cytotoxic T-cells interact with Class II major histocompatibility complex (MHC) proteins.fT or F. When a virus infects a cell, some of the viral proteins are broken down into peptide fragments.t-Which of the following statements accurately describes the difference between cellular and humoral immunity?
A. Cellular immunity directly attacks pathogens and infected cells, while humoral immunity releases antibodies to do so.
B. Cellular immunity utilizes B-lymphocytes, while humoral immunity utilizes T-lymphocytes.
C. Cellular immunity produces antibodies, while humoral immunity uses perforins.
D. Neither defends against bacteria.a- The ____________-____________ _____ encounters and processes the antigen.
- With the antigen, the antigen-presenting cell migrates to the nearest __________ __________.
- The antigen-presenting cell displays the antigen to the ___-__________________.
- If the antigens are viral proteins or abnormal antigens, the T-lymphocytes initiate the ___________ ____________.
- Infected or malignant cells are then _______________ before they can do further harm to the body.antigen-presenting cell, lymph node, t-lymphocytes, immune response, destroyedAn antigen presenting cell presents antigen to a helper T-lymphocyte...
A. on its surface on a class I MHC.
B. on its surface attached to an antibody.
C. on its surface on a class II MHC.
D. inside a vesicle.cAfter T- and B-lymphocytes are formed, they migrate to...
A. secondary lymphatic structures.
B. red bone marrow.
C. the thymus gland.
D. yellow bone marrow.a- Origination of T-lymphocytes begins in the _____ bone marrow.
- From here cells are sent to mature in the _____________.
- T-lymphocytes go through ____________ selection when thymic epithelial cells with MHC bind to them.
- In _______________ selection, the same process must occur, however it must NOT bind to any _______-____________.red, thymus, positive, negative, self-antigensT or F. The maturation of T-lymphocytes occurs in the red bone marrow.fSelf-tolerance by the immune system is especially due to __________ selection of T-lymphocytes during their development.negativeIs the following description associated with Positive (P) or Negative (N) selection?
"TCR must recognize MHC"pIs the following description associated with Positive (P) or Negative (N) selection?
"Thymic epithelial cells present MHC to T-lymphocytes"pIs the following description associated with Positive (P) or Negative (N) selection?
"T-lymphocyte survival dependent on ability to bind MHC"pIs the following description associated with Positive (P) or Negative (N) selection?
"TCR must not bind self-antigen"nIs the following description associated with Positive (P) or Negative (N) selection?
"Dendritic cells present MHC with self-antigen to T-lymphocytes"nIs the following description associated with Positive (P) or Negative (N) selection?
"T-lymphocyte survival dependent on not recognizing self-antigen"nIs the following description associated with Positive (P) or Negative (N) selection?
"Cells develop self-tolerance"nCytotoxic T-lymphocytes produce...
A. antibodies, which make holes in cell membrane of infected cells.
B. class II MHCs.
C. perforin, which makes holes in cell membrane of infected cells.
D. self proteins.cCytotoxic T-lymphocytes recognize...
A. receptors on B-lymphocytes.
B. fragments of self proteins of infected cells.
C. antigens and MHC class I.
D. antigens and MHC class II.cT or F. Cytotoxic T-lymphocytes produce cytotoxins, which cause apoptosis of infected cells.tOn first exposure to antigen, helper T-lymphocytes...
A. cause skin lesions.
B. attract more macrophages.
C. become activated and increase in number.
D. cause inflammation.cUpon secondary exposure to an antigenic determinant, helper T-lymphocytes...
A. make antibodies.
B. lyse cells using perforin.
C. release cytokine interleukin-2.
D. kill macrophages.cA helper T-lymphocyte becomes activated by a(n)...
A. B-lymphocyte.
B. antigen presenting cell.
C. memory cell.
D. plasma cell.bSelect all that are true. After leaving the thymus, T-lymphocytes...
A. are naïve.
B. are immunocompetent.
C. have previously bound at least one foreign antigen.
D. contain both CD4 and CD8 proteins.abSelect all that occur during activation of cytotoxic T-lymphocytes.
A. The TCR binds a peptide displayed with an MHC class I molecule of an infected cell.
B. Clones of the cytotoxic T-lymphocyte are produced.
C. CD4 helps stabilize the interaction between the TCR and MHC class I molecule.
D. Second stimulation involves binding of interleukin-2 from other cytotoxic T-lymphocytes.abT or F. Like T-lymphocytes, B-lymphocytes bind antigen directly. The antigen must be presented from another cell.fHelper T-lymphocytes secrete ________ to stimulate the proliferation of B-lymphocytes.
A. antibodies
B. allergens
C. agglutinins
D. antigens
E. cytokineseTo increase the likelihood that a lymphocyte will encounter an antigen, lymphocytes are always on the move. The tendency for lymphocytes to reside only temporarily in a lymphatic structure, and circulate to different areas through the blood and lymph is called lymphocyte ________________.recirculation- Four cardinal signs of ______________ are recognized.
- Erythrocytes arriving at the site and perfusing the dermis are visible through the skin which produces _____________.
- The increase in blood flow to an area of injury or infection brings _________ from the axial regions of the body.
- With increased blood flow and leakiness of capillaries, fluids are delivered to the tissue faster than they are removed resulting in _____________ (edema).
- Swelling increases the pressure of fluids and mechanical structures on adjacent structures and thus activating receptors for _________.inflammation, redness, heat, swelling, painOnce activated, helper T-lymphocytes
A. continue to release cytokines such as IL-2.
B. remain in their secondary lymphatic structures.
C. directly kill infected cells.
D.release perforin and granzymes.aCytotoxic T cells interact with target cells by recognizing...
A. either foreign proteins or MHC proteins.
B. foreign protein−MHC protein complexes.
C. neither foreign proteins nor MHC proteins.
D. MHC proteins only.
E. foreign proteins only.bT or F. Helper T cells interact with Class I major histocompatibility complex (MHC) proteins.fT or F. Plasma cells are B-cells that produce antibodies.tAntibodies are __________ produced in response to an antigen.
A. proteins
B. immune system cells
C. glycoproteins
D. antigensaPlasma cells release ______________ in response to activation by antigen.antibodies- B-lymphocytes produce _______________ against specific antigens.
- When B-lymphocytes are exposed to an appropriate antigen, they proliferate into plasma cells and ____________ _______.
- Each antibody consists of ____ polypeptide chains.
- Antigens bind to the ______________ regions of the polypeptide chains.antibodies, memory cells, 4, variableWhen an antibody binds an antigen, it is binding with its...
A. hinge region.
B. disulfide bond.
C. constant region.
D. variable region.dThe _________ region of antibodies helps fix complement and activate other immune cells.
A. variable
B. hinge
C. disulfide
D. constantdIs the role of the following antibody region in immune defense Antigen- Binding Site (abs) or Fc Region (fcr) ?
"NEAUTRALIZATION"absIs the role of the following antibody region in immune defense Antigen- Binding Site (abs) or Fc Region (fcr) ?
"AGGLUTINATION"absIs the role of the following antibody region in immune defense Antigen- Binding Site (abs) or Fc Region (fcr) ?
"PRECIPITATION"absIs the role of the following antibody region in immune defense Antigen- Binding Site (abs) or Fc Region (fcr) ?
"OPSONIZATION"absIs the role of the following antibody region in immune defense Antigen- Binding Site (abs) or Fc Region (fcr) ?
"COMPLEMENT FIXATION"fcrIs the role of the following antibody region in immune defense Antigen- Binding Site (abs) or Fc Region (fcr) ?
"ACTIVATION OF NK CELLS"fcrSelect all of the antibody classes that the following characteristic associates with. CAUSES DEGRANULATION OF MAST CELLS
A. igG
B. IgM
C. IgA
D. IgD
E. IgEeSelect all of the antibody classes that the following characteristic associates with. LONGEST HALF-LIFE
A. igG
B. IgM
C. IgA
D. IgD
E. IgEaSelect all of the antibody classes that the following characteristic associates with. FOUND IN EXTERNAL SECRETIONS
A. igG
B. IgM
C. IgA
D. IgD
E. IgEcSelect all of the antibody classes that the following characteristic associates with. PRODUCED IN FETUS
A. igG
B. IgM
C. IgA
D. IgD
E. IgEbSelect all of the antibody classes that the following characteristic associates with. MOST ABUNDANT
A. igG
B. IgM
C. IgA
D. IgD
E. IgEaSelect all of the antibody classes that the following characteristic associates with. FORMED DURING ALLERGIC REACTIONS
A. igG
B. IgM
C. IgA
D. IgD
E. IgEeSelect all of the antibody classes that the following characteristic associates with. FOUND IN BLOOD
A. igG
B. IgM
C. IgA
D. IgD
E. IgEabeSelect all of the antibody classes that the following characteristic associates with. PART OF B- LYMPHOCYTE RECEPTOR
A. igG
B. IgM
C. IgA
D. IgD
E. IgEdSelect all of the antibody classes that the following characteristic associates with. CAUSES DEGRANULATION OF BASOPHILS
A. igG
B. IgM
C. IgA
D. IgD
E. IgEeSelect all of the antibody classes that the following characteristic associates with. PENTAMETER
A. igG
B. IgM
C. IgA
D. IgD
E. IgEbIg__ antibodies are bound to the surface of mast cells and basophils and are involved in allergies.
E, G, A, M, or D?eIg__ antibodies are found in all body fluids and are the smallest but most abundant of the antibodies.
E, G, A, M, or D?gIg__ antibodies are found mainly in areas of the body such the nose, breathing passages, digestive tract, ears, eyes, and vagina.
E, G, A, M, or D?aIg__ antibodies are the first type of antibody produced in response to an infection.
E, G, A, M, or D?mIg__ antibodies are found as surface receptors on most B-lymphocytes.
E, G, A, M, or D?dT or F. Specificity and memory are characteristics of adaptive and innate immunity.fT or F. Specificity involves the immune system's ability to recognize a particular substance.tT or F. Memory involves the immune system's ability to "remember" previous substances.tT or F. Memory and specificity speed up and lengthen the immune system's reaction time.tSelect all of the following statements that are true regarding memory in humoral immunity? Check all that apply.
A. Memory lasts longer in humoral immunity than in cellular immunity.
B. Memory B-lymphocytes attack the antigen directly without the need to form plasma cells.
C. Memory B-lymphocytes are found mainly in the lymph nodes.
D. Plasma cells form within hours in primary exposure, creating a response so rapid that no noticeable signs of illness appear.
E. When memory B-lymphocytes attack an antigen, it is called the "primary response."cThe process of antibody production after initial exposure to an antigen is known as the _________ response.
A. lag
B. secondary
C. latent
D. primaryd- When a person is exposed to an antigen for the first time the immune reaction is called the ____________ response.
- The appearance of protective ____________ is delayed for 3-6 days while naive B cells multiply and differentiate.
- As the plasma cells begin secreting antibody, the antibody _________ begins to rise.
- Eventually the primary response will make an immune ________________ of the antigen.primary, antibodies, titer, memoryWhich immune response, Primary Repsonse (p) or
Secondary Response (s) is the following description associated?
"LAG PHASE CAN BE SEVERAL DAYS"pWhich immune response, Primary Repsonse (p) or
Secondary Response (s) is the following description associated?
"LOW ANTIBODY TITER"pWhich immune response, Primary Repsonse (p) or
Secondary Response (s) is the following description associated?
"ANTIBODY PRODUCTION OCCURS WITHIN 1-2 WEEKS"pWhich immune response, Primary Repsonse (p) or
Secondary Response (s) is the following description associated?
"SHORT LAG PHASE"sWhich immune response, Primary Repsonse (p) or
Secondary Response (s) is the following description associated?
"HIGH IgG ANTIBODY TITER"sWhich immune response, Primary Repsonse (p) or
Secondary Response (s) is the following description associated?
"ANTIBODY PRODUCTION WITHIN A FEW DAYS"sIf someone is infected with a virus, resulting in activated and memory B-lymphoctes and T-lymphoctes, they are exhibiting ____________ immunity.
A. secondary
B. active
C. passive
D. artificialbIs the following description associated with Active (a) or Passive (p) immunity?
"REQUIRES DIRECT CONTACT WITH ANTIGEN"aIs the following description associated with Active (a) or Passive (p) immunity?
"MEMORY CELLS DEVELOP"aIs the following description associated with Active (a) or Passive (p) immunity?
"RECEIVES ANTIBODIES FROM ANOTHER INDIVIDUAL"pIs the following description associated with Active (a) or Passive (p) immunity?
"NO ANTIGENIC CHALLENGE"pIs the following description associated with Active (a) or Passive (p) immunity?
"NO MEMORY CELLS PRODUCED"pIs the following description associated with Active (a) or Passive (p) immunity?
"LASTS ONLY AS LONG AS ANTIBODIES PRESENT IN THE BODY"pFill in the blanks with the appropriate terms regarding the general functions of the respiratory system.
- The respiratory tract is a passageway for
air between the external environment and the __________ (air sacs) of the lungs.
-There are two gases that are exchanged during respiration. Carbon dioxide diffuses from the blood into the alveoli while the other gas, ___________, diffuses from the alveoli into the blood.
-Receptors located in the superior regions of the nasal cavity called ______________ receptors detect odors as air moves across them.
-The vocal cords of the _____________ (voicebox) vibrate as air moves across them to produce sound. Sounds then resonate in upper respiratory structures.alveoli, oxygen, olfactory, larynxSelect all the components of the conducting zone of the respiratory system.
A. Nose
B. Nasal cavity
C. Bronchioles
D. Larynx
E. Trachea
F. AlveoliabcdePlace the respiratory structures below in the order that air would pass through them as it moves from the outside to the inside of the body.
(label 1-6)
Outside of body
----------------------
A. Trachea
B. Laryngopharynx
C. Nasopharynx
D. Oropharynx
E. Larynx
F. Nasal cavity
------------------------
Inside of body6, 4, 2, 3, 5, 1What is the correct function for the following definition?
"MUCUS + SALIVA + ENTRAPPED MATERIAL"
A. Sputrum
B. Lysozyme
C. Defensins
D. Immunoglobulin A
E. Goblet
F. Mucins
G. CholesterolaWhat is the correct function for the following definition?
"AN ANTIBACTERIAL ENZYME"
A. Sputrum
B. Lysozyme
C. Defensins
D. Immunoglobulin A
E. Goblet
F. Mucins
G. CholesterolbWhat is the correct function for the following definition?
"ANTIMICROBIAL PROTEINS"
A. Sputrum
B. Lysozyme
C. Defensins
D. Immunoglobulin A
E. Goblet
F. Mucins
G. CholesterolcWhat is the correct function for the following definition?
"ANTIBODIES"
A. Sputrum
B. Lysozyme
C. Defensins
D. Immunoglobulin A
E. Goblet
F. Mucins
G. CholesteroldWhat is the correct function for the following definition?
"CELLS THAT PRODUCE MUCUS"
A. Sputrum
B. Lysozyme
C. Defensins
D. Immunoglobulin A
E. Goblet
F. Mucins
G. CholesteroleWhat is the correct function for the following definition?
"A PROTEIN THAT INCREASES MUCUS VISCOSITY"
A. Sputrum
B. Lysozyme
C. Defensins
D. Immunoglobulin A
E. Goblet
F. Mucins
G. CholesterolfA primary function of the nasal cavity is to _____________ the air (which means to warm, cleanse, and humidify the air) as it enters the respiratory tract.conditionThe nasal cavity is divided into left and right portions by the...
A. vestibule.
B. nasal septum.
C. lateral cartilage.
D. middle cartilage.b*Select all of the bones of the skull that house paranasal sinuses.
A. Frontal
B. Ethmoid
C. Maxilla
D. Sphenoid
E. Mandible
F. Nasal
G. LacrimalabcdWhen the pharyngeal tonsil is enlarged, clinicians refer to it as the _______.adenoidsWhat characteristic of sound does the following definition apply to?
"shorter, thinner vocal folds"
A. Higher range
B. Lower range
C. Softer sound
D. Louder sound
E. Higher pitch
F. Lower pitchaWhat characteristic of sound does the following definition apply to?
"Longer, thicker vocal folds"
A. Higher range
B. Lower range
C. Softer sound
D. Louder sound
E. Higher pitch
F. Lower pitchbWhat characteristic of sound does the following definition apply to?
"Decreased air through rima glottides"
A. Higher range
B. Lower range
C. Softer sound
D. Louder sound
E. Higher pitch
F. Lower pitchcWhat characteristic of sound does the following definition apply to?
"Increased air forced through rima glottides"
A. Higher range
B. Lower range
C. Softer sound
D. Louder sound
E. Higher pitch
F. Lower pitchdWhat characteristic of sound does the following definition apply to?
"Increased tension of vocal folds"
A. Higher range
B. Lower range
C. Softer sound
D. Louder sound
E. Higher pitch
F. Lower pitcheWhat characteristic of sound does the following definition apply to?
"Decreased tension on vocal folds"
A. Higher range
B. Lower range
C. Softer sound
D. Louder sound
E. Higher pitch
F. Lower pitchfCheck the functions of the larynx.
A. Gas exchange
B. Equalizes air pressure
C. Passageway for food
D. Produces sound for speech
E. Assists with the Valsalva maneuver
F. Participates in cough reflexdefWhich of the following does changing the length of the vocal cord folds affect?
A. Voice range
B. Voice pitch
C. LoudnessaWhich of the following does changing the force of the air passing across the vocal cords affect?
A. Voice range
B. Voice pitch
C. LoudnesscWhich of the following does changing the tension on the vocal cords affect?
A. Voice range
B. Voice pitch
C. LoudnessbT or F. The trachea extends inferiorly through the neck into the mediastinum and lies immediately posterior to the esophagus and the sternum.fT or F. The tracheal cartilages are connected superiorly and inferiorly with one another by elastic connective tissue sheets called annular ligaments.tT or F. Bronchioles have a proportionately thicker layer of smooth muscle than bronchi and contraction of this smooth muscle narrows the diameter of the bronchiole, referred to as bronchodilation.fA chronic condition known as _______ is characterized by episodes of bronchoconstriction coupled with wheezing, coughing, shortness of breath, and excess pulmonary mucus.asthmaClassify the following in the appropriate category.
"Ten in the right lung and eight to ten in the left lung"
A. Segmental Bronchi
B. Lobar Bronchi
C. Main Bronchi
D. Respiratory Bronchioles
E. Terminal BronchiolesaClassify the following in the appropriate category.
"First segments of the respiratory zone"
A. Segmental Bronchi
B. Lobar Bronchi
C. Main Bronchi
D. Respiratory Bronchioles
E. Terminal BronchiolesdClassify the following in the appropriate category.
"Three in the right lung and two in the left lung"
A. Segmental Bronchi
B. Lobar Bronchi
C. Main Bronchi
D. Respiratory Bronchioles
E. Terminal BronchiolesbClassify the following in the appropriate category.
"Enter lungs on medical surface"
A. Segmental Bronchi
B. Lobar Bronchi
C. Main Bronchi
D. Respiratory Bronchioles
E. Terminal BronchiolescClassify the following in the appropriate category.
"The last portion of the conducting pathway"
A. Segmental Bronchi
B. Lobar Bronchi
C. Main Bronchi
D. Respiratory Bronchioles
E. Terminal BronchioleseThe smallest respiratory bronchioles subdivide into thin airways called
A. terminal bronchioles.
B. alveolar sacs.
C. alveolar ducts.
D. alveolar pores.cFILL IN THE BLANK W/ THE WORDS PROVIDED. NOT ALL WILL BE USED.
- The respiratory membrane consists of an alveolar epithelium and its basement membrane, and a(n) ___________ endothelium and its basement membrane.
- The gas that diffuses from the alveolus, across the respiratory membrane, and into the pulmonary capillary is ____________
- This gas is then transported by the blood to ____________ cells.
- Conversely, ____________ gas diffuses from the blood in the capillary through the respiratory membrane.
- This gas then enters the ____________ and is eventually expired into the external environment.
A: Alveoli
B: Capillary
C: Carbon Dioxide
D: Oxygen
E: Tissuecapillary, oxygen, tissue, carbon dioxide, alveoliLingula: The ________ ___________of the left lung is a projection from the superior lobe that is homologous to the middle lobe of the right lung.ubber lobeThe upper lobe of the left lung is a projection from the superior lobe that is homologous to the middle lobe of the right lung is referred to as the...lingulaThe bronchi, pulmonary vessels, lymph vessels, and nerves pass through the __________ on the mediastinal surface of the lungs.hilumFILL IN THE BLANK W/ THE WORDS PROVIDED. NOT ALL WILL BE USED.
- The ____________ circulation conducts
blood to and from the gas exchange surfaces of the lungs.
- Pulmonary ____________ carry deoxygenated blood to pulmonary capillaries within the lungs. A
- The deoxygenated blood that enters these capillaries is reoxygenated here before it returns to the ____________ .
- The ____________ circulation is a component of the systemic circulation and transports oxygenated blood to the tissues of the lungs.
- Bronchial ____________ collect blood from capillary beds that supply structures in the bronchial tree.
- Some of this ____________ blood drains into the pulmonary veins.
- Consequently, blood exiting the lungs via the pulmonary veins is slightly
less ____________ than the blood that leaves the pulmonary capillaries.
A: Arteries
B: Bronchial
C: Deoxygenated
D: Left atrium
E. Oxygenated
F: Pulmonary
G: Right atrium
H: Veinspulmonary, arteries, left atrium, bronchial, veins, deoxygenated, oxygenated
or
fadbhceThe pleural cavity...
A. is a real space that separates the visceral and parietal pleura so that they do not touch.
B. is a potential space that contains a lubricating fluid that allows the visceral and parietal pleura to slide by each other easily.
C. is a potential space that becomes a real space only during forced exhalation, allowing the lungs to decrease significantly in size.
D. is a real space outside of the pleural membranes, creating a slight distance between the lungs and the ribs.BIs the following structure covered by the Parietal Pleura (p) or the Visceral Pleura (v)?
"Internal thoracic walls"pIs the following structure covered by the Parietal Pleura (p) or the Visceral Pleura (v)?
"Covers the outer lung surfaces"vIs the following structure covered by the Parietal Pleura (p) or the Visceral Pleura (v)?
"Lateral surface of the mediastinum"pIs the following structure covered by the Parietal Pleura (p) or the Visceral Pleura (v)?
"Superior surface of the diaphragm"pPulmonary ventilation (breathing) can also be described as
A. the process of gas exchange in the lungs only.
B. the movement of air into and out of the lungs.
C. the process of inspiration only.
D. the process of expiration only.b- Pulmonary ventilation is known as ______1______ , which is the movement of air between the atmosphere and the lungs.
- It consists of two cyclic phases: ______2______ , which brings air into the lungs and ______3______ , which forces air out of the lungs.
- Pulmonary ventilation that occurs at rest is called _____4_______ , whereas _____5_______ , accompanies exercise or hard exertion.
- The principles of this involve _____6_______ in the brainstem that stimulate ______7______ to cyclically contract and relax.
- This contraction and relaxation causes dimensional changes within the ____8________ and results in establishing a
changing _____9_______ between the lungs and the atmosphere.
A: Autonomic nuclei
B: Breathing
C: Inspiration
D: Quiet breathing
E: Expiration
F: Pressure gradient
G: Forced breathing
H: Skeletal muscle
I: Thoracic cavitybcedgahifBoyle's Law states that...
A. P1V2 = P2V1.
B. P2V1 = P1V2.
C. P1V1 = P2V2.
D. P1V1 = P2V1.
E. P1V2 = P2V2.cBoyle's Law states that at a constant temperature...
A. the pressure exerted by a gas varies inversely with the volume of that gas.
B. the volume of a gas remains the same no matter what the pressure exerted by that gas is.
C. the pressure exerted by a gas varies directly with the volume of that gas.
D. the pressure exerted by a gas remains the same no matter what the volume of that gas is.aAn application of Boyle's Law is, at a constant temperature...
A. as the pressure on a gas increases, the volume decreases.
B. as the volume of a gas decreases, the pressure decreases.
C. as the pressure on a gas increases, the volume increases.
D. as the pressure on a gas decreases, the volume decreases.aExpiration involves...
A. movement of the sternum anteriorly.
B. elevation of the ribs.
C. elastic recoil of the lungs.
D. contraction of the diaphragm.cElevation of the ribs increases thoracic cavity _______.
A. depth.
B. width.
C. pressure.
D. length.bDuring volume changes in the thoracic cavity, what is primarily responsible for changes in length?
A. The diaphragm
B. The ribs and sternum
C. The intercostal muscles
D. The abdominal musclesaIf P1 and V1 represent the initial conditions, and P2 and V2 represent the changed conditions for pressure and volume, Boyle's law would state:
A. P1V1 < P2V2.
B. P1V2 = P1V2.
C. P1V1 = P2V2.
D. P2V1 = P2V1.
E. P1V1 > P2V2.c33. The pressure gases in the air exert in the environment is _____1_______ .
The value for this pressure at sea level is ______2______ .
The _____3_______ contains the lungs.
The collective amount of the alveoli within the lung is called the _____4_______ ,B and its associated pressure is the _____5_______ .
The pressure exerted within the pleural cavity is called the _____6_______ .
This pressure is always lower than intrapulmonary pressure and prior to inspiration, it is generally _____7_______ .
A: 756 MM HG
B: ALVEOLAR VOLUME
C: INTRAPLEURAL PRESSURE
D: MEDUASTINUM
E: 760 MM HG
F: ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE
G: INTRAPULMONARY PRESSURE
H: THORACIC CAVITYfehbgcaDuring inhalation, the thoracic cavity ___________; during exhalation, the thoracic cavity ___________.
A. becomes larger; becomes smaller than its resting size
B. obtains its original size; becomes smaller due to muscles of exhalation
C. becomes larger; returns to its original size
D. returns to its normal, resting size; becomes smaller than its resting sizecDuring quiet breathing, about two-thirds of the thoracic cavity volume change comes from contraction/movement of the _______, and one-third comes from external intercostal movement.diaphragm-The respiratory center rhythmically sends neural output to the diaphragm and ______1______ muscles to regulate quiet breathing.
-The respiratory center is stimulated to alter breathing rate and depth by ______2______ input from _______3_____ in the brain.
-Additional input comes from peripheral receptors, including _____4_______ within the carotid and aortic bodies,
-____5________ of the mucosal lining of the respiratory tract,
- _____6_______ of the lungs and visceral pleura,
-and _____7_______ of the joints.
- Breathing can be consciously controlled by the ____8________ , which bypasses the respiratory center to directly stimulate lower motor neurons.
A: Central chemoreceptors
B: Chemoreceptors
C: Irritant receptors
D: Proprioceptors
E: Stretch receptors
F: Cerebral cortex
G: External intercostal
H: Motor
I: SensoryThe control of breathing muscles comes from
A. the cerebral cortex only.
B. nuclei in the brainstem and the cerebral cortex.
C. nuclei in the brainstem only.bT or F. Respiratory structures are innervated by the axons of lower motor neurons of the autonomic nervous system and controlled by brainstem nuclei.tThe pharynx is a shared region between which two body systems?
A. Lymphatic and circulatory
B. Respiratory and digestive
C. Circulatory and respiratory
D. Digestive and nervousbThe vestibular and vocal folds are found in the
A. nasal cavity.
B. larynx.
C. pharynx.
D. trachea.bTerminal bronchioles divide into (in the correct order)
A. alveolar duct, respiratory bronchiole, alveolar sac.
B. alveolar sac, alveolar duct, respiratory bronchiole.
C. alveolar duct, alveolar sac, respiratory bronchiole.
D. respiratory bronchiole, alveolar duct, alveolar sac.dThe lower respiratory tract includes the
A. pharynx.
B. larynx.
C. sinuses.
D. choanae.bAirflow is a function of what two factors?
A. Concentration gradient and resistance
B. Resistance and compliance
C. Pressure gradient and resistance
D. Concentration gradient and compliance
E. Pressure gradient and concentration gradientcAirflow is a function of two factors: (1) the _____________ ____________ established between atmospheric pressure and intrapulmonary pressure, and (2) the _____________ that occurs due to conditions within the airways, lungs, and chest wall.
The formula for ___________ is: F= P atm - P alv /R
This mathematical expression demonstrates that flow is ___________ related to the pressure gradient between atmosphere and lungs and _____________ related to resistance.
If the pressure gradient _____________, then airflow into the lungs increases, but if the pressure gradient ___________, airflow into the lungs lessens (assuming resistance remains the same).pressure gradient, resistance, directly, inversely, increases, decreasesDoes the following event lead to Increased Airflow (i) or Decreased Airflow (d)?
"DECREASED LEVELS OF SURFACTANT"dDoes the following event lead to Increased Airflow (i) or Decreased Airflow (d)?
"SCAR TISSUE FROM TBERCULOSIS"dDoes the following event lead to Increased Airflow (i) or Decreased Airflow (d)?
"AN ANAPHYLACTIC REACTION CAUSED BY BEE STING"dDoes the following event lead to Increased Airflow (i) or Decreased Airflow (d)?
"BREATHING SUB-ZERO AIR"dDoes the following event lead to Increased Airflow (i) or Decreased Airflow (d)?
"BRONCHODILATION CAUSED BY USING AN IN HALER TO TREAT ASTHMA"iDoes the following event lead to Increased Airflow (i) or Decreased Airflow (d)?
"AEROBIC EXERCISE"iThe amount of air that is moved between the atmosphere and alveoli in 1 minute is
A. internal respiration.
B. alveolar ventilation.
C. airflow.
D. external respiration.
E. pulmonary ventilation.eT or F. Shallow breathing is more effective for maximizing alveolar ventilation than slower, deeper breathing.fT or F. Total lung capacity can be calculated as: vital capacity + residual volume.tForced expiratory volume is the percentage of the ________ ___________ that can be expelled in a specific period of time. This value is obtained by inspiring as much air as possible and then expelling the air from the lungs ____ _____________ ____ _______________. Individuals with decreased ability to expire typically exhibit ______________ FEV values.
Maximum voluntary ventilation is the greatest amount of air that can be taken into, and then expelled from, the lungs in __ _____________.vital capacity, as quickly as possible, decreased, 1 minuteThe small amount of air that remains in the lungs even if they collapse is _______ volume.minimalAt the arterial ends of the pulmonary capillaries the P(O2) is
A. higher in the capillaries than in the alveoli.
B. lower at first in the capillaries than in the alveoli, and then it is higher in the alveoli than in the capillaries.
C. higher at first in the capillaries than in the alveoli, and then it is lower in the alveoli than in the capillaries.
D. lower in the capillaries than in the alveoli.
E.equal in the capillaries and in the alveoli.dThe ranking from highest to lowest P(O2) in the area of the arterial ends of the tissue capillaries is
A. tissue fluid, capillaries, cells.
B. cells, tissue fluid, capillaries.
C. all three are equal.
D. capillaries, tissue fluid, cells.
E. cells, capillaries, tissue fluid.dAt the venous ends of the pulmonary capillaries the P(CO2) is...
A. higher in the capillaries than in the alveoli.
B. higher at first in the capillaries than in the alveoli, and then it is lower in the alveoli than in the capillaries.
C. equal in the capillaries and in the alveoli.
D. lower in the capillaries than in the alveoli.
E. lower at first in the capillaries than in the alveoli, and then it is higher in the alveoli than in the capillaries.cThe _______ is the volume of a gas, at a given temperature and pressure, that dissolves in a specified volume of liquid.
A. solubility coefficient
B. compression gradient
C. partial pressure gradient
D. partial pressureawhich gas law is this definition or example related to?
"The partial pressure of a gas in the driving force to move into a liquid"
A. Henry's law
B. Boyle's law
C. Dalton's lawawhich gas law is this definition or example related to?
"Gases vary in their solubility in water"
A. Henry's law
B. Boyle's law
C. Dalton's lawawhich gas law is this definition or example related to?
"Volume and pressure are inversely related"
A. Henry's law
B. Boyle's law
C. Dalton's lawbwhich gas law is this definition or example related to?
"(P1)(v1)=(P2)(V2)
A. Henry's law
B. Boyle's law
C. Dalton's lawbwhich gas law is this definition or example related to?
"Illustrates the relationship between partial pressure and total pressure of gases"
A. Henry's law
B. Boyle's law
C. Dalton's lawcwhich gas law is this definition or example related to?
"P(N2)+p(O2)+p(CO2)+p(H2O)=760 mm Hg"
A. Henry's law
B. Boyle's law
C. Dalton's lawcwhich gas law is this definition or example related to?
"Total pressure x Percentage of gas = partial pressure of that gas"
A. Henry's law
B. Boyle's law
C. Dalton's lawcT or F. The P(O2) is lower in the alveoli than it is in the atmosphere, and the P(CO2) is higher in the alveoli than it is in the atmosphere.tT or F. Gases diffuse because of differences in partial pressures from areas of higher pressure to areas of lower pressure.tInspiration begins as...
A. the diaphragm relaxes.
B. the lungs contract.
C. the lungs expand.
D. the diaphragm contracts.dThe result of inspiration is...
A. increased alveolar pressure causes decreased alveolar volume.
B. decreased alveolar volume causes decreased alveolar pressure.
C. increased alveolar volume causes increased alveolar pressure.
D. decreased alveolar volume causes increased alveolar pressure.
E. increased alveolar volume causes decreased alveolar pressure.eDuring expiration...
A. increased alveolar volume causes increased alveolar pressure.
B. increased alveolar volume causes decreased alveolar pressure.
C. decreased alveolar pressure causes increased alveolar volume.
D. decreased alveolar volume causes increased alveolar pressure.
E. decreased alveolar volume causes decreased alveolar pressuredCheck the features of the respiratory membrane that contribute to efficient gas exchange.
A. Assists in the active transport of gases
B. Has a small focused surface area
C. Has a thickness of .5 micrometer
D. Allows the diffusion of gases
E. Alveoli are well ventilated
F. Ample blood supply in pulmonary capillariescdefT or F. As the volume in the alveoli increases, the pressure decreases.tIs the following change associated with either Constriction (c) or Dilation (d) of Bronchioles and Arterioles?
"increased blood P(CO2)."cIs the following change associated with either Constriction (c) or Dilation (d) of Bronchioles and Arterioles?
"Decreased P(CO2) in air passageways."cIs the following change associated with either Constriction (c) or Dilation (d) of Bronchioles and Arterioles?
"Decreased blood P(O2)."cIs the following change associated with either Constriction (c) or Dilation (d) of Bronchioles and Arterioles?
"Decreased blood P(CO2)."dIs the following change associated with either Constriction (c) or Dilation (d) of Bronchioles and Arterioles?
"Increased blood P(O2)."dIs the following change associated with either Constriction (c) or Dilation (d) of Bronchioles and Arterioles?
"Increased P(CO2) in air passageways."dThe minimum measurement of the respiratory membrane is around _______ thick.
A. .1 micrometers
B. 1 micrometer
C. 5 micrometers
D. .5 micrometersdIs the following associated with Alveolar Gas Exchange (a) or Systemic Gas Exchange (s)?
"Exchange of respiratory gases between alveoli in lungs and blood in pulmonary capillaries."aIs the following associated with Alveolar Gas Exchange (a) or Systemic Gas Exchange (s)?
"Blood P(O2) increases from 40 to 104 mmHg"aIs the following associated with Alveolar Gas Exchange (a) or Systemic Gas Exchange (s)?
"Blood P(CO2) decreases from 45 to 40 mmHg."aIs the following associated with Alveolar Gas Exchange (a) or Systemic Gas Exchange (s)?
"Exchange of respiratory gases between tissue cells and blood in systematic capillaries."sIs the following associated with Alveolar Gas Exchange (a) or Systemic Gas Exchange (s)?
"Blood P(O2) decreases from 95 to 40 mmHg."sIs the following associated with Alveolar Gas Exchange (a) or Systemic Gas Exchange (s)?
"Blood P(CO2) increases from 40 to 45 mmHg."sDuring alveolar gas exchange, blood P(CO₂)__________________________; during systemic gas exchange, blood P(CO₂) _________________________. Blood P(O₂) __________________________ during alveolar gas exchange, and blood P(O₂) _______________________ during systemic gas exchange. Bronchial veins dump small amounts of deoxygenated blood into the pulmonary veins and the blood P(O₂) __________________________.
A. increases from 40 to 104 mm Hg
B. decreases from 104 to 95 mm Hg.
C. decreases from 45 to 40 mm Hg
D. decreases from 95 to 40 mm Hg
E. increases from 40 to 45 mm HgceadbHenry's law pointed out that the ______________ ________________ ___ ____________ is very low. This means that only small amounts of oxygen are dissolved in the plasma. Consequently, about _____% of the oxygen in the blood must be transported within ___________________ where it attaches to the ________ within hemoglobin molecules. Oxygen bound to hemoglobin is referred to as ___________________. Hemoglobin without bound oxygen is called ______________________.solubility coefficient of oxygen, 98, erythrocytes, iron, oxyhemoglobin, deoxyhemoglobinT or F. Cells typically produce about 200 mL/min of carbon dioxide as a waste product during cellular respiration.tT or F. The largest percentage of carbon dioxide is carried from the tissue cells to the lungs attached to the globin portion of hemoglobin.fCarbon dioxide enters the blood at the ________________ capillaries. Herem some of the carbon dioxide binds to the ________________ region of hemoglobin.systemic, globinThe empirical formula for bicarbonate is ____________.HCO3-Carbon dioxide goes through a series of reactions resulting in the formation of bicarbonate. Where does this reaction occur?systemic capillariesCarbonic anhydrase is found in the _____ __________ _____ where it directly catalyzes the formation of _________ ___________ ____ ______ _____________ _______.red blood cells, carbon dioxide gas into carbonic acidBlood pH decreases in response to __________________________________________________.the dissociation of carbonic acid into bicarbonate and hydrogen ionswhat happens to Blood pH in response to the dissociation of carbonic acids into bicarbonate and hydrogen ions?it decreasesRenal retention of bicarbonate ____________________ blood pH acting as a compensatory mechanism for the condition of respiratory _________________.increases, acidosisHypoventilation results in a(n) ___________ in the arterial partial pressure of carbon dioxide, which may result in respiratory ____________________.increase, acidosis-The majority of CO₂ in the blood is carried as ______________ ________.bicarbonate ionsThe ability of CO₂ to bind to deoxygenated hemoglobin more readily than it binds oxyhemoglobin is referred to as the _______________ effect.haldaneThe ______________ _________ is an anion exchange that takes place in red blood cells as a mechanism to transport bicarbonate ions out of the cell.chloride shiftThe combination of carbon dioxide and protein known as ____________________ abbreviated HbCO₂.carbaminohemoglobinisThe decrease in the ability of oxygen to bind to hemoglobin when the pH decreases is known as the __________ effect.bohrThe reaction between CO2 and H2O to form H2CO3 is catalyzed by ______________ _______________.carbonic anhydraseClassify which group the following is associated with.
"Increased body temp."
A. Increased oxygen release from hemoglobin
B. Increased oxygen saturation of hemoglobinaClassify which group the following is associated with.
"H+ binding to hemoglobin."
A. Increased oxygen release from hemoglobin
B. Increased oxygen saturation of hemoglobinaClassify which group the following is associated with.
"Presence of 2,3-BPG."
A. Increased oxygen release from hemoglobin
B. Increased oxygen saturation of hemoglobinaClassify which group the following is associated with.
"Binding of carbon dioxide to hemoglobin."
A. Increased oxygen release from hemoglobin
B. Increased oxygen saturation of hemoglobinaClassify which group the following is associated with.
"Decrease in altitude."
A. Increased oxygen release from hemoglobin
B. Increased oxygen saturation of hemoglobinClassify which group the following is associated with.
"Increased atmospheric pressure."
A. Increased oxygen release from hemoglobin
B. Increased oxygen saturation of hemoglobinbEach hemoglobin molecule can bind a maximum of ___ oxygen molecules.4A breathing rate or depth that is increased above the body's demand is called ___________________.hyperventilationT or F. You cannot consciously hold your breath long enough to die.tT or F. During exercise, both oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide production increase in response to elevated rates of cellular respiration but blood P(O2) and P(CO2) levels remain relatively the same.tClassify the following with the correct effect.
"Can be caused by bradypnea."
A. Hypoventilation
B. HyperventilationaClassify the following with the correct effect.
"Can be caused by hypopnea."
A. Hypoventilation
B. HyperventilationaClassify the following with the correct effect.
"Can be caused by obesity."
A. Hypoventilation
B. HyperventilationaClassify the following with the correct effect.
"O2 levels decrease and CO2 levels increase in the alveoli."
A. Hypoventilation
B. HyperventilationaClassify the following with the correct effect.
"Can be caused by anxiety."
A. Hypoventilation
B. HyperventilationbClassify the following with the correct effect.
"Can be caused by ascending to a high altitude."
A. Hypoventilation
B. HyperventilationbClassify the following with the correct effect.
"PO2 levels increase and PCO2 levels decrease in the alveoli."
A. Hypoventilation
B. HyperventilationbClassify the following with the correct effect.
"Hypocapnia can occur."
A. Hypoventilation
B. HyperventilationbFluid collected in lacteals will be carried in _______________ trunks.intestinalThe lymphatic system's two main functions are to assist in:immunity and fluid balance.what type of cell attacks a variety of unwanted cells and causes those cells to undergo apoptosis?natural killer cellsAntibodies that act against foreign substance are released by:plasma cellsT or F. It is always dangerous is your fever is higher than normal body temperature.fThe pathway of air flow into lungs would be:
A. nasal cavity -> larynx -> pharynx -> bronchus
B. nasal cavity -> bronchus -> larynx -> pharynx -> trachea
C. nasal cavity -> pharynx -> larynx -> trachea -> bronchus
D. nasal cavity -> larynx -> pharynx -> trachea -> bronchuscT or F. Intrapleural pressure is normally about 44mm Hg less than the pressure in the alveoli.tAfter a maximal expiration, the minimum volume of air that remains in the lungs is termed the:
A. functional residual capacity
B. tidal volume
C. residual volume
D. vital capacitycDendritic cells of the skin are derived from:
A. macrophages
B. B- lymphocytes
C. T- lymphocytes
D. monocytes
E. neutrophilsdWhich of the choices below is not a factor that promotes oxygen binding to and dissociation from hemoglobin?
A. partial pressure of oxygen
B. temp.
C. number of red blood cells
D. partial pressure of carbon dioxidecLymph enters a lymph node via:
A. afferent lymphatic vessel
B. cortical sinus
C. efferent lymphatic vessel
D. subscapular sinusaWhere do T- lymphocytes mature?
A. spleen
B. white bone marrow
C. tonsils
D. thymus
E. ThyroiddIf someone had cut their skin through which bacterium entered, but that bacterium was then destroyed by a neutrophil, this would be an example of:
A. failed external adaptive immunity, but successful innate immunity.
B. failed innate immunity, but successful adaptive immunity.
C. failed external immunity, but successful internal innate immunity.
D. failed external immunity, but successful internal acquired immunity.cMost activated B-lymphocytes differentiate into:
A. memory helper T-lymphocytes
B. macrophages
C. plasma cells
D. antigen presenting cellscWhat structures are used by both the respiratory and digestive systems?
A. oropharynx and laryngopharynx
B. laryngopharynx and larynx
C. nasal cavity and nasopharynx
D. paranasal sinuses
E. laryngopharynx and esophagusaThe lungs expand in inhalation because:
A. the diaphragm contracts upward
B. the shoulder girdle moves upward
C. the volume of the thoracic cavity increases
D. the lung tissue rebounds from exhalationcSurfactant helps to prevent the alveoli from collapsing by:
A. warming the air before it enters
B. humidifying the air before it enters
C. protecting the surface of alveoli from dehydration and other environmental variations
D. interfering with the cohesiveness of water molecules, thereby reducing the surface tension of alveolar fluiddThe exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the air in the alveoli and blood in the lungs is called:
A. ventilation
B. systemic respiration
C. external respiration
E. cellular respirationbT or F. Most carbon dioxide is transported through the blood as bicarbonate dissolved in plasma.tt or F. By following Boyle's law, air flows from a region of lower pressure (the atmosphere) into a region of higher pressure within the lungs.fRegions of MALT called Peyer patches are found in the:
A. urinary bladder
B. stomach
C. vagina
D. small intestine
E. tracheadT or F. The pulsing of arteries that are adjacent to lymphatic vessels provides a pressure on the vessels that helps them propel the lymphtWhich of the statements below does NOT describe antigens?
A. antigens exhibit immunogenicity and reactivity
B. the parts of antigen molecules that initiate immune responses are called epitopes or antigenic determinants.
C. antigens can include proteins, nucleic acids, glycoproteins, and certain large polysaccharides
D. Antigens only come from microbesdWhy are functions of T-lymphocytes referred to as "cell-mediated" immunity?
A. bc T-lymphs are cells and not just plasma proteins
B. bc T-lymphs work against antigens associated with cells
C. bc T-lymphs work only against single-celled infectious agents
D. bc T-lymphs must activate other classes of cells in order to have any effectWhat structure connects the larynx to the primary bronchi?
A. trachea
B. pharynx
C. esophagus
D. bronchioles
E. alveolar ductsaExpiration depends on 2 factors. Which of the choices below lists those 2 factors?
A. combined amount of CO2 in the blood and air in the alveoli
B. the negative feedback of expansion fibers used during inspiration and the outward pull of surface tension due to surfactant
C. the recoil of elastic fibers that were stretched during inspiration and the inward pull of surface tension due to the film of alveolar fluid
D. the expansion of respiratory muscles that were contracted during inspiration and the lack of surface tension on the alveolar wallcWhich of the following is the correct sequence of events in phagocytosis?
A. chemotaxis, adherence, ingestion, digestion, killing
B. ingestion, adherence, chemotaxis, digestion, killing
C. chemotaxis, ingestion, digestion, adherence, killing
D. adherence, digestion, killing, ingestion, chemotaxisaWhich of the following would not counter decreased O2 levels in the lungs?
A. bronchodilation of alveoli
B. bronchoconstriction of alveoli
C. decreased perfusion
D. vasoconstriction of the pulmonary capillariesb"Complement" refers to a group of:
A. white blood cells
B. antibodies
C. plasma proteins
D. molecules on the surface of pathogenic microbescThe involuntary, rythmic activities that deliver and remove respiratory gases are regulated in the:
A. brainstem
B. midbrain
C. cerebellum
D. cerebral nuclei
E. occipital lobe of the brainaOld or defective erythrocytes and platelets are engulfed within the lymph organ know as the:spleenExposure to irritants causes mucus production to:
A.increase
B. decreaseaWhich is not an action of interferon?
A. it stimulates macrophages and NK cells to destroy virus infected cells
B. it triggers synthesis of enzymes that destroy viral nucleic acids
C. it signals the immune system that the secreting cell is part of the body and so should not be attacked
D. it binds to receptors and neighboring cells preventing them from being infectedcB- lymphocytes develop immunocompetence in the:bone marrowT or F. Cytokins are agents that affect neighboring cells without triggering systemic effects.fWhich cells resemble basophils and are found in connective tissue, close to small blood vessels?
A. dendritic cells
B. mast cells
C. NK cells
D. alveolar macrophages
E. cytokinsbWhich of the following determines lung compliance?
A. airway opening
B. flexibility
C. muscles of inspiration
D. alveolar surface tensionbT or F. Alveolar ventilation is the best index of effective ventilation.tT or F. In a mixture of gases, the total pressure is equal to the most dominant gas's partial pressures in the mixture.fWhich of the following is not a normal component of lymph?
A.water
B. red blood cells
C. plasma proteins
D. ionsbThe tonsils located at the base of the tongue are the:
A. pharyngeal tonsils
B. peyer's tonsils
C. lingual tonsils
D. palatine tonsilscT or f. The directional movement of cells in response to chemicals is called chemotaxis.tPassive immunity lasts...
A. from days to weeks, and involves the development of memory cells
B. from days to weeks, and does not involve development of memory cells
C. from years to a lifetime, and involves the development of memory cells
D. from years to a lifetime, and does not involve development of memory cellsbPhagocyte mobilization involves:
A. monocytes as the most active phagocyte
B. diapedesis, during which cells line up against the capillary wall
C. mainly neutrophil and macrophage migration into inflamed areas
D. margination, which is the process of white cell movement through the walls of capillaries into injured tissuescSelect the correct statement about lymphoid tissue.
A.lymphoid tissue is predominantly reticular connective tissue
B. T- lymphocytes act by ingesting foreign substances
C. lymphoid macrophages secrete into the blood
D. once a lymphocyte enters the lymphoid tissue, it resides there permanentlyaWhich of the following statements regarding the pleural sac is true?
A. it is filled with air
B. structurally is a single-membraned sac
C. the parietal layer is attached to the inner thoracic wall and the visceral layer is attached to the outer lung surface
D. the pressure within the pleural sac is positive relative to atmospheric pressuredHelper T-lymphocytes are also known as:
A. cytotoxic T-lymphocytes
B. CD8+ cells
C. CD4+ cells
D. T8 cells
E. memory T-lymphocytesCThe walls of the alveoli are composed of two types of cells, type I and type II. The function of type I is to:
A. replace mucus in the alveoli
B. secret surfactant
C. permit gas diffusion between the respiratory system and the cardiovascular system
D. protect the lungs from bacterial invasioncA virus is _________ than a bacterial cell, and a virus is composed of ____________________________.
A. larger, nucleic acid within a protein capsid
B. larger, eukaryotic cell with a cell wall
C. smaller, nucleic acid within a protein capsid
D. smaller, eukaryotic cell with a cell wallcT or F. Erythrocytes are antigen-presenting cells.f
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