Psych: disorders and treatments (modules 65-73)

Terms in this set (89)

psychological disorder

deviant, distressful, and dysfunctional patterns of thoughts, feelings, or behaviors

attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

a psychological disorder marked by extreme inattention and/or hyperactivity and impulsivity

the concept that diseases, in this case psychological disorders, have physical causes that can be diagnosed, treated, and, in most cases, cured, often through treatment in a hospital.

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders

anxiety disorders

A class of disorders marked by feelings of excessive apprehension and anxiety.
- vague and generalized

generalized anxiety disorder

an anxiety disorder in which a person is continually tense, apprehensive, and in a state of autonomic nervous system arousal

An anxiety disorder marked by unpredictable minutes-long episodes of intense dread in which a person experiences terror and accompanying chest pain, choking, or other frightening sensations.

social anxiety disorder

intense fear of social situations, leading to avoidance of such

fear of open spaces

obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)

an anxiety disorder characterized by unwanted repetitive thoughts (obsessions) and/or actions (compulsions)

PTSD (Post Traumatic Stress Disorder)

A prolonged and severe stress reaction to a scary event (chronic stress)

posttraumatic growth

positive psychological changes as a result of struggling with extremely challenging circumstances and life crises

psychological disorders characterized by emotional extremes

major depressive disorder

A mood disorder in which a person experiences, in the absence of drugs or a medical condition, two or more weeks of significantly depressed moods, feelings of worthlessness, and diminished interest or pleasure in most activities.

a mood disorder marked by a hyperactive, wildly optimistic state

bipolar disorder

A mood disorder in which the person alternates between the hopelessness and lethargy of depression and the overexcited state of mania.

a deep or considered thought about something.

inappropriate behaviors present
- symptoms: hallucinations and delusions
- lacking dopamine

abnormal condition of the mind

false sensory experiences

somatic symptom disorder

condition marked by excessive anxiety about physical symptoms with a medical or purely psychological origin

conversion disorder

a disorder in which a person experiences very specific genuine physical symptoms for which no physiological basis can be found
- Severe physical limitations with no biological reasoning
Paralysis, blindness, inability to talk/swallow

Factitious disorder

Condition in which a person acts as if he or she has a physical or mental illness when he or she is not really sick.

illness anxiety disorder

condition marked by intense preoccupation with the possibility of a serious undiagnosed illness

dissociative disorders

conscious awareness becomes separated from previous memories, thoughts, and feelings

dissociative identity disorder (DID)

the occurrence of two or more distinct identities in the same individual

Anorexia nervosa

an eating disorder in which an irrational fear of weight gain leads people to starve themselves

bulimia nervosa

an eating disorder characterized by binge eating followed by purging

binge eating disorder

an eating disorder in which people overeat compulsively

personality disorders

inflexible and enduring behavior patterns that impair social functioning

antisocial personality disorder

psychological disorder in which one demonstrates a lack of conscience

the four "D"s of disorder

deviance, distress, dysfunction, danger

perspectives on disorders

psychodynamic (unconscious drives)
humanistic (potential)
behavioral (reinforced)
cognitive (irrational thinking)
sociocultural (dysfunctional society)
biomedical (organic problems)

unipolar disorder
bipolar disorder

- major depressive disorder
- manic depressive

treatment for bipolar disorder

"Mood Stabilizers" Lithium, Valproic Acid, Carbamazepine, Atypical Antipsychotics

four types of schizophrenia

-Disorganized Schizophrenia
-Paranoid Schizophrenia
-Catatonic Schizophrenia
-undifferentiated/simple Schizophrenia

disorganized schizophrenia

disorganized speech or behavior, or flat or inappropriate emotion

paranoid schizophrenia

A type of schizophrenia that is dominated by delusions of persecution along with delusions of grandeur.

catatonic schizophrenia

A type of schizophrenia marked by striking motor disturbances, ranging from muscular rigidity to random motor activity.

undifferentiated/simple schizophrenia

schizophrenia; basic symptoms present themselves

Goal of schizophrenia medication

block receptors (antagonist) but need to be wary of parkinson's (symptoms)
** ventricles in brain are significantly larger in people with Schizophrenia (association)

Neuroleptics (antipsychotics)

any of a class of antipsychotic drugs that alleviate symptoms of schizophrenia, typically by blocking dopamine receptors
- side effects: facial tics, dryness of mouth, involuntary jerking movements

neurodevelopmental hypothesis

theory proposing that schizophrenia is a disorder of development that arises during the years of adolescence or early adulthood due to alterations in the genetic control of brain maturation

the co-occurrence of two or more disorders in a single individual

personality disorder- cluster A

odd-eccentric -- aloof, distrustful, sus, etc.
- Paranoid personality (pervasive mistrust of others thinking others motives are malevolent)
- Schizoid (detachment from social relationships, restricted range of emotions)
- Schizotypal (social and interpersonal deficits marked by acute discomfort with relationships)

personality disorder- cluster B

** dramatic,emotional, erratic impulsive
- Antisocial personality (psychopaths-- disregard and violation of the rights of others)
- Borderline personality disorder (instability of personality relationships, self-image and self-harm, marked impulsivity and intense mood swings)
- Histrionic personality disorder excessive emotionality and attention seeking-- need constant approval of others
- Narcissistic: pervasive pattern of grandiosity and need for admiration

personality disorder- cluster C

- Avoidant: pervasive pattern of social inhibition and feeling inadequate, sensitive to criticism
- Dependant personality: excessive need to be taken care of it leads to submissive and clinginess
- OCD: perfectionism, control, striving for perfection

treatment involving psychological techniques; consists of interactions between a trained therapist and someone seeking to overcome psychological difficulties or achieve personal growth

biomedical therapy

prescribed medications or medical procedures that act directly on the patient's nervous system

eclectic approach

an approach to psychotherapy that uses techniques from various forms of therapy

Sigmund Freud's therapeutic technique. Freud believed the patient's free associations, resistances, dreams, and transferences - and the therapist's interpretations of them - released previously repressed feelings, allowing the patient to gain self-insight.

in psychoanalysis, the blocking from consciousness of anxiety-laden material

in psychoanalysis, the analyst's noting supposed dream meanings, resistances, and other significant behaviors and events in order to promote insight

in psychoanalysis, the patient's transfer to the analyst of emotions linked with other relationships (such as love or hatred for a parent)

psychodynamic therapy

therapy deriving from the psychoanalytic tradition; views individuals as responding to unconscious forces and childhood experiences, and seeks to enhance self-insight

insight therapies

A variety of therapies which aim to improve psychological functioning by increasing the client's awareness of underlying motives and defenses

client centered therapy

A humanistic therapy based on Carl Roger's beliefs that an individual has an unlimited capacity for psychological growth and will continue to grow unless barriers are placed in the way.

Unconditional Positive Regard (Rogers)

an attitude of total acceptance toward another person

behavior therapy

therapy that applies learning principles to the elimination of unwanted behaviors

counterconditioning

a behavior therapy procedure that uses classical conditioning to evoke new responses to stimuli that are triggering unwanted behaviors; includes exposure therapies and aversive conditioning

exposure therapy

therapy that confronts clients with what they fear with the goal of reducing the fear

systematic desensitization

A type of exposure therapy that associates a pleasant relaxed state with gradually increasing anxiety-triggering stimuli. Commonly used to treat phobias.

virtual reality exposure therapy

an anxiety treatment that progressively exposes people to simulations of their greatest fears, such as airplane flying, spiders, or public speaking

aversive conditioning

a form of treatment that consists of repeated pairings of a stimulus with a very unpleasant stimulus

cognitive therapy

therapy that teaches people new, more adaptive ways of thinking and acting; based on the assumption that thoughts intervene between events and our emotional reactions

rational-emotive behavior therapy (REBT)

cognitive-behavioral therapy in which clients are directly challenged in their irrational beliefs and helped to restructure their thinking into more rational belief statements

Developed "rational emotive behavior therapy" (REBT)

cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT)

a popular integrative therapy that combines cognitive therapy (changing self-defeating thinking) with behavior therapy (changing behavior)

therapy conducted with groups rather than individuals, permitting therapeutic benefits from group interaction

group therapy benefits

Saves therapists' time and clients' money
Encourages exploration of social behaviors and social skill development
Enables people to see that others share their problems
Provides feedback as clients try out new ways of behaving

regression towards the mean

the tendency for extreme or unusual scores to fall back (regress) toward their average.

a procedure for statistically combining the results of many different research studies

evidence based practice

nursing care provided that is supported by sound scientific rationale

therapeutic alliance

a bond of trust and mutual understanding between a therapist and client, who work together constructively to overcome the client's problem

psychopharmacology

the study of the effects of drugs on mind and behavior

antipsychotic drugs

drugs used to treat schizophrenia and other forms of severe thought disorder

antianxiety drugs

drugs used to control anxiety and agitation

antidepressant drugs

drugs used to treat depression; also increasingly prescribed for anxiety. Different types work by altering the availability of various neurotransmitters

electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)

a biomedical therapy for severely depressed patients in which a brief electric current is sent through the brain of an anesthetized patient

other types of electrical stimulation

ECT (depression)
VNS (Vagnus Nerve stimulation)

repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS)

form of brain stimulation used for depression and anxiety

surgical destruction of specific brain areas

a now-rare psychosurgical procedure once used to calm uncontrollably emotional or violent patients. The procedure cut the nerves connecting the frontal lobes to the emotion-controlling centers of the inner brain

founder of psychoanalysis

systematic desensitization founder

Behaviorist that developed the theory of operant conditioning by training pigeons and rats

pioneer in Cognitive Therapy. Suggested negative beliefs cause depression.

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