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Psych: disorders and treatments (modules 65-73)
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Terms in this set (89)
psychological disorder
deviant, distressful, and dysfunctional patterns of thoughts, feelings, or behaviors
attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
a psychological disorder marked by extreme inattention and/or hyperactivity and impulsivity
medical model
the concept that diseases, in this case psychological disorders, have physical causes that can be diagnosed, treated, and, in most cases, cured, often through treatment in a hospital.
DSM-5
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
anxiety disorders
A class of disorders marked by feelings of excessive apprehension and anxiety.
- vague and generalized
generalized anxiety disorder
an anxiety disorder in which a person is continually tense, apprehensive, and in a state of autonomic nervous system arousal
panic disorder
An anxiety disorder marked by unpredictable minutes-long episodes of intense dread in which a person experiences terror and accompanying chest pain, choking, or other frightening sensations.
phobia
abnormal fear
social anxiety disorder
intense fear of social situations, leading to avoidance of such
agoraphobia
fear of open spaces
obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)
an anxiety disorder characterized by unwanted repetitive thoughts (obsessions) and/or actions (compulsions)
PTSD (Post Traumatic Stress Disorder)
A prolonged and severe stress reaction to a scary event (chronic stress)
posttraumatic growth
positive psychological changes as a result of struggling with extremely challenging circumstances and life crises
mood disorders
psychological disorders characterized by emotional extremes
major depressive disorder
A mood disorder in which a person experiences, in the absence of drugs or a medical condition, two or more weeks of significantly depressed moods, feelings of worthlessness, and diminished interest or pleasure in most activities.
mania
a mood disorder marked by a hyperactive, wildly optimistic state
bipolar disorder
A mood disorder in which the person alternates between the hopelessness and lethargy of depression and the overexcited state of mania.
rumination
a deep or considered thought about something.
Schizophrenia
inappropriate behaviors present
- symptoms: hallucinations and delusions
- lacking dopamine
psychosis
abnormal condition of the mind
Delusions
false beliefs
hallucinations
false sensory experiences
somatic symptom disorder
condition marked by excessive anxiety about physical symptoms with a medical or purely psychological origin
conversion disorder
a disorder in which a person experiences very specific genuine physical symptoms for which no physiological basis can be found
- Severe physical limitations with no biological reasoning
Paralysis, blindness, inability to talk/swallow
Factitious disorder
Condition in which a person acts as if he or she has a physical or mental illness when he or she is not really sick.
illness anxiety disorder
condition marked by intense preoccupation with the possibility of a serious undiagnosed illness
dissociative disorders
conscious awareness becomes separated from previous memories, thoughts, and feelings
dissociative identity disorder (DID)
the occurrence of two or more distinct identities in the same individual
Anorexia nervosa
an eating disorder in which an irrational fear of weight gain leads people to starve themselves
bulimia nervosa
an eating disorder characterized by binge eating followed by purging
binge eating disorder
an eating disorder in which people overeat compulsively
personality disorders
inflexible and enduring behavior patterns that impair social functioning
antisocial personality disorder
psychological disorder in which one demonstrates a lack of conscience
the four "D"s of disorder
deviance, distress, dysfunction, danger
perspectives on disorders
psychodynamic (unconscious drives)
humanistic (potential)
behavioral (reinforced)
cognitive (irrational thinking)
sociocultural (dysfunctional society)
biomedical (organic problems)
unipolar disorder
bipolar disorder
- major depressive disorder
- manic depressive
treatment for bipolar disorder
"Mood Stabilizers" Lithium, Valproic Acid, Carbamazepine, Atypical Antipsychotics
four types of schizophrenia
-Disorganized Schizophrenia
-Paranoid Schizophrenia
-Catatonic Schizophrenia
-undifferentiated/simple Schizophrenia
disorganized schizophrenia
disorganized speech or behavior, or flat or inappropriate emotion
paranoid schizophrenia
A type of schizophrenia that is dominated by delusions of persecution along with delusions of grandeur.
catatonic schizophrenia
A type of schizophrenia marked by striking motor disturbances, ranging from muscular rigidity to random motor activity.
undifferentiated/simple schizophrenia
schizophrenia; basic symptoms present themselves
Goal of schizophrenia medication
block receptors (antagonist) but need to be wary of parkinson's (symptoms)
** ventricles in brain are significantly larger in people with Schizophrenia (association)
Neuroleptics (antipsychotics)
any of a class of antipsychotic drugs that alleviate symptoms of schizophrenia, typically by blocking dopamine receptors
- side effects: facial tics, dryness of mouth, involuntary jerking movements
neurodevelopmental hypothesis
theory proposing that schizophrenia is a disorder of development that arises during the years of adolescence or early adulthood due to alterations in the genetic control of brain maturation
Comorbidity
the co-occurrence of two or more disorders in a single individual
personality disorder- cluster A
odd-eccentric -- aloof, distrustful, sus, etc.
- Paranoid personality (pervasive mistrust of others thinking others motives are malevolent)
- Schizoid (detachment from social relationships, restricted range of emotions)
- Schizotypal (social and interpersonal deficits marked by acute discomfort with relationships)
personality disorder- cluster B
** dramatic,emotional, erratic impulsive
- Antisocial personality (psychopaths-- disregard and violation of the rights of others)
- Borderline personality disorder (instability of personality relationships, self-image and self-harm, marked impulsivity and intense mood swings)
- Histrionic personality disorder excessive emotionality and attention seeking-- need constant approval of others
- Narcissistic: pervasive pattern of grandiosity and need for admiration
personality disorder- cluster C
- Avoidant: pervasive pattern of social inhibition and feeling inadequate, sensitive to criticism
- Dependant personality: excessive need to be taken care of it leads to submissive and clinginess
- OCD: perfectionism, control, striving for perfection
psychotherapy
treatment involving psychological techniques; consists of interactions between a trained therapist and someone seeking to overcome psychological difficulties or achieve personal growth
biomedical therapy
prescribed medications or medical procedures that act directly on the patient's nervous system
eclectic approach
an approach to psychotherapy that uses techniques from various forms of therapy
psychoanalysis
Sigmund Freud's therapeutic technique. Freud believed the patient's free associations, resistances, dreams, and transferences - and the therapist's interpretations of them - released previously repressed feelings, allowing the patient to gain self-insight.
resistance
in psychoanalysis, the blocking from consciousness of anxiety-laden material
interpretation
in psychoanalysis, the analyst's noting supposed dream meanings, resistances, and other significant behaviors and events in order to promote insight
transference
in psychoanalysis, the patient's transfer to the analyst of emotions linked with other relationships (such as love or hatred for a parent)
psychodynamic therapy
therapy deriving from the psychoanalytic tradition; views individuals as responding to unconscious forces and childhood experiences, and seeks to enhance self-insight
insight therapies
A variety of therapies which aim to improve psychological functioning by increasing the client's awareness of underlying motives and defenses
client centered therapy
A humanistic therapy based on Carl Roger's beliefs that an individual has an unlimited capacity for psychological growth and will continue to grow unless barriers are placed in the way.
Unconditional Positive Regard (Rogers)
an attitude of total acceptance toward another person
behavior therapy
therapy that applies learning principles to the elimination of unwanted behaviors
counterconditioning
a behavior therapy procedure that uses classical conditioning to evoke new responses to stimuli that are triggering unwanted behaviors; includes exposure therapies and aversive conditioning
exposure therapy
therapy that confronts clients with what they fear with the goal of reducing the fear
systematic desensitization
A type of exposure therapy that associates a pleasant relaxed state with gradually increasing anxiety-triggering stimuli. Commonly used to treat phobias.
virtual reality exposure therapy
an anxiety treatment that progressively exposes people to simulations of their greatest fears, such as airplane flying, spiders, or public speaking
aversive conditioning
a form of treatment that consists of repeated pairings of a stimulus with a very unpleasant stimulus
cognitive therapy
therapy that teaches people new, more adaptive ways of thinking and acting; based on the assumption that thoughts intervene between events and our emotional reactions
rational-emotive behavior therapy (REBT)
cognitive-behavioral therapy in which clients are directly challenged in their irrational beliefs and helped to restructure their thinking into more rational belief statements
Albert Ellis
Developed "rational emotive behavior therapy" (REBT)
cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT)
a popular integrative therapy that combines cognitive therapy (changing self-defeating thinking) with behavior therapy (changing behavior)
group therapy
therapy conducted with groups rather than individuals, permitting therapeutic benefits from group interaction
group therapy benefits
Saves therapists' time and clients' money
Encourages exploration of social behaviors and social skill development
Enables people to see that others share their problems
Provides feedback as clients try out new ways of behaving
regression towards the mean
the tendency for extreme or unusual scores to fall back (regress) toward their average.
meta analysis
a procedure for statistically combining the results of many different research studies
evidence based practice
nursing care provided that is supported by sound scientific rationale
therapeutic alliance
a bond of trust and mutual understanding between a therapist and client, who work together constructively to overcome the client's problem
psychopharmacology
the study of the effects of drugs on mind and behavior
antipsychotic drugs
drugs used to treat schizophrenia and other forms of severe thought disorder
antianxiety drugs
drugs used to control anxiety and agitation
antidepressant drugs
drugs used to treat depression; also increasingly prescribed for anxiety. Different types work by altering the availability of various neurotransmitters
electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)
a biomedical therapy for severely depressed patients in which a brief electric current is sent through the brain of an anesthetized patient
other types of electrical stimulation
ECT (depression)
VNS (Vagnus Nerve stimulation)
repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS)
form of brain stimulation used for depression and anxiety
psychosurgery
surgical destruction of specific brain areas
lobotmy
a now-rare psychosurgical procedure once used to calm uncontrollably emotional or violent patients. The procedure cut the nerves connecting the frontal lobes to the emotion-controlling centers of the inner brain
sigmund freud
founder of psychoanalysis
joseph wolpe
systematic desensitization founder
BF skinner
Behaviorist that developed the theory of operant conditioning by training pigeons and rats
Aaron Beck
pioneer in Cognitive Therapy. Suggested negative beliefs cause depression.
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