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global issues test 3

Terms in this set (156)

How many countries voted against the UDHR in 1948?
0
How many countries abstained from voting on the UDHR in 1948?
8
Prior the creation of the UDHR, what document first mentions human rights?
The Preamble to the UN Charter
When was the Universal Declaration of Human Rights adopted?
1948
What is the difference between a treaty and a declaration?
A treaty is a legally binding instrument whereas a declaration is a statement of principles
What is the name of the key human rights document of the post-WWII era?
The Universal Declaration of Human Rights
What was the immediate context for why the UDHR was drafted (select all that apply; there may be one to four possible correct answers)?
-The terrible atrocities committed during WWII, such as the Holocaust
-The horror of over 50 million dead in WWII
Which UN organ can authorize military action to enforce human rights?
The Security Council
The concept of Responsibility to Protect (R2P), developed by the UN, shows the growing importance of human rights by (select all that apply, there are one to four possible correct answers):
-Stressing that states have the responsibility to protect their populations from e.g. genocide, crimes against humanity, or war crimes
-Putting forward the idea that states have the responsibility to intervene in situations where a state fails to protect its population from e.g. genocide, crimes against humanity or war crimes
The International Criminal Court: (select all that apply, there are one to four possible correct answers)
-Can try cases involving crimes against humanity, war crimes, and genocide
-Is currently investigating cases involving defendants who come mostly from African states
The International Criminal Court (ICC) is located:
-In The Hague
Which region has the most cases currently before the ICC:
-Africa
What is the name of the idea that argues the international community has a responsibility to intervene in situations where a state fails to protect its population from genocide, crimes against humanity, or war crimes?
-Responsibility to Protect
Which are the ways in which the UN supports human rights (select all that apply, there are one to four possible correct answers)?
-The UN helps implement human rights through enforcement activities such as peacekeeping
-The UN helps formulate international human rights standards through treaties and declarations
-The UN helps implement human rights through economic development
-The UN promotes knowledge and public support through educating publics about human rights
In what conflict in 2011 did the UN invoke the principle of R2P (Responsibility to Protect) as justification for military intervention?
-Libya
After the end of the Cold War, the UN created international criminal tribunals to prosecute individuals responsible for ethnic cleansing, genocidal violence and crimes against humanity in which of the following countries (select all that apply, there are one to four possible correct answers)?
-Rwanda
-Yugoslavia
Which of the following is a first-generation right?
-Everyone has the right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion
First-generation rights are also known as negative rights because:
-They prohibit certain government action and are therefore based on the absence of government interference
The Universal Declaration of Human Rights is typically divided into ___________ generations, or categories:
-Three
As discussed in the context of Uruguay, what is the role of a human rights rapporteur (select all that apply, there may be one to four possible correct answers)?
-To ensure justice and compensation for survivors of human rights abuses
-To assess progress in discovering the truth about past atrocities committed in a country
Which generation of human rights includes freedom of speech and assembly?
-First
What are reasons for why the U.S. didn't ratify the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) until long after the treaty had gone into effect (select all that apply, there may be one to four possible correct answers)?
-The U.S. had concerns that ratifying the treaty could erode its national sovereignty
-The U.S. was reluctant to expose itself to international criticism
The U.S. President Jimmy Carter signed the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) in 1977. When did the US ratify the treaty?
-1992
What are some of the ways in which MNCs can promote human rights (select all that apply, there are one to four possible correct answers)?
-They can use their access to markets around the world as a way of building networks based on real-time data exchanges, allowing the UN faster response time during emergencies
-Through public private partnerships they can help develop the technology needed for the UN or NGOs to get more data on human rights issues
Which of the following are human rights NGOs (select all that apply, there are one to four possible correct answers)?
-Amnesty International
-Human Rights Watch
Which of the following is NOT true about the role of technology in human rights (select all that apply, there are one to four possible correct answers)?
-Whether people live in developed or underdeveloped countries, technology has benefitted everyone equally
While NGOs do not have official membership status at the UN, they do have important influence through their close cooperation with _______________:
-The Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC)
Which of the following are examples through which technological innovations have been successfully used to promote human rights (select all that apply, there are one to four possible correct answers)?
-When a solar-powered internet network allowed villages in Uganda to get access to crop information and thus to improve their yields and incomes
Which of the following are some of the ways through which celebrities can affect human rights (select all that apply, there are one to four possible correct answers)?
-Using their celebrity status to raise awareness
-Engaging in philanthropic behavior by giving money to human rights causes
-Founding Human Rights Organizations
Where second-generation rights require a proactive government to take action on behalf of its citizens, third-generation rights require ________________ (select all that apply, there are one to four possible correct answers):
-Solidarity
-International cooperation
First-generation rights are influenced by the philosophical tradition of ________________, whereas second-generation rights are influenced by the philosophical tradition of ________________:
-Capitalism / socialism
Which of the following is an example of second-generation rights?
-Everyone, without any discrimination, has the right to equal pay for equal work
The difference between a negative and a positive obligation imposed on states by human rights rests on ______________________:
-Whether, and how much, action a government needs to take to ensure that rights are protected
Where first-generation rights are often associated with the rights of ________________ people, second and third-generation rights reflect the rights of ________________ people.
-Individual / groups of
Cultural relativism is based on the notion that (select all that apply, there are one to four possible correct answers):
-Local traditions trump the rights in the UDHR
-The final authority in determining for the rights of a citizenry lies with the people and their government
What are some of the examples through which globalization challenges state sovereignty (select all that apply, there are one to four possible correct answers)?
-International financial institutions can grant or withhold resources and overrule the decisions of states
-International organized crime has become so powerful in some places that it controls territory and large segments of a state's
-MNCs can more easily move across borders and escape regulation by governments
-Technology has made it possible to put pressure on a state by facilitating communication that goes around government restrictions
Universalism is represented by the idea that:
-Human rights are accorded to everyone regardless of citizenship or status
Sovereignty assumes:
-That countries are self-governing, have territorial integrity, and self-determination
The following factors show how globalization has helped in promoting human rights (select all that apply, there are one to four possible correct answers):
-Information technology has made it easier for human rights NGOs to communicate with their stakeholders and put greater pressure on governments to comply with human rights standards
-Due to advances in technology and gains in literacy and education, more people know about human rights
-Social media platforms have allowed people to organize even when governments try to limit free speech and assembly
When looking at Niger's population pyramid, which of the following are correct statements (select all that apply, there are one to four possible correct answers)?
-More than 35% of Niger's population are under 10 years of age
-Niger has a youthful population
What do we call the graphical representation of the proportions of persons in different age groups in a population?
-A population pyramid
What is replacement fertility?
-Approximately 2.1 births per woman
Which of the following are correct statements about fertility rates (select all that apply, there are one to four possible correct answers)?
-The total fertility rate measures the average number of births per woman of childbearing age
-the fertility rate in more developed countries is below replacement and stands at about 1.67 per woman
-The fertility rate in poorer (less or least developed) countries is higher, often significantly higher, than replacement level The fertility rate in more developed regions of the world is higher than the fertility rate in less developed regions.
-The fertility rate for the world as a whole is about 2.51 births per woman
-The fertility rate is a strong indicators of overall population growth
What are some of the reasons for why the world's population drastically increased over the past 70 years (select all that apply, there are one to four possible correct answers)?
-Major public health advances
-Improved food production and distribution
Which of the following is true about population and population growth (select all that apply, there are one to four possible correct answers)?
-Nearly 60% of the world's population lives in Asian countries
-More than 80% of the world's population is located in the less-developed world
-Patterns of population growth differ significantly between more- and less-developed regions of the world
-European populations make up about 10% of the world's population
-Fertility rates in the least developed countries are declining but still very high
-Nearly one-fifth of the world's population lives in China
-The world's population continues to grow but the rate of population growth is decreasing
How is replacement fertility quantified?
-Approximately 2.1 births per woman
What do we mean by the term "replacement fertility" (select all that apply, there are one to four possible correct answers)?
-It is the rate at which one generation of parents is replacing itself in the next generation
-It is a term that describes the interaction between constant patterns of childbearing with constant mortality and migration to yield zero population change
How is a country's population size (P) determined?
-P= (+) births (-) deaths (+) in-migration (-) out-migration
The world's population is currently at about:
-7.6 billion people
When did the world's population reach one billion people?
-At the beginning of the 19th century
What do we call the "study of population change and characteristics"?
-Demography
According to the UN's 2015 projections, the two countries with the largest populations will continue to see population growth, but where ___________ is projected to peak in size at 1.42 billion in 2030, _____________ is projected to soon overtake it, reaching an estimated 1.71 billion by the middle of the 21st century.
-China / India
What regions hold what percentage of the world's population? The more developed countries (MDCs) hold _________________ of the world's population, whereas the less developed countries (LDCs) hold ______________ of the world's population.
-Less than 20% / more than 80%
Which of the following are correct statements about the world's population (select all that apply, there are one to four possible correct answers)?
-The number of persons aged 80 or over is projected to triple by 2050, and by 2100 to increase to nearly seven times the number in 2017
-Fertility has declined in nearly all regions of the world
-The world has added one billion people since 2005
-International migration at or around current levels will be unable to compensate fully for the expected loss of population in areas with low levels of fertility, especially in the European region
-The world has added two billion people since 1993
-In 2017, about a quarter of the world's population was under the age of 15
What has been the demographic impact of HIV/AIDS on those countries most highly affected by the disease?
-A decline in life expectancy at birth from 62 to 52 between 1995 and 2005
Where do you find the majority of countries identified as the most severely impacted by HIV/AIDS?
-Africa
According to the UN Population Division's 2015 analyses, what is the medium variant projection for the world's population by 2050:
-9.7 billion people by 2050
Which countries will continue to hold the largest share of the world's population?
-Countries in Asia
In his 1798 publication, Thomas Malthus argued that (select all that apply, there are one to four possible correct answers):
-The "positive checks" of famine, war, and epidemics would bring populations back under control
-The human desire to reproduce would lead to starvation, poverty and human misery
-Technological innovation can overcome problems of population growth
Which writer first proposed a negative relationship between human population growth and the supply of food and other resources?
-Thomas Malthus
The Cornucopian perspective rests on the following ideas (select all that apply, there are one to four possible correct answers):
-Population growth is positive as it increases economic productivity and capacity for economic progress
-Use of natural resources is best managed through market forces
-Technological innovation can overcome problems of population growth
Which of the following are common themes connecting all models of thought on the question of how to address population growth (select all that apply, there are one to four possible correct answers)?
-Improving the status of women
-Poverty reduction
-Increasing sustainability of food production
-Improvement in water quality
The demographic transition model suggests that as societies industrialize and urbanize:
-Death rates will fall, and when values shift from large to small families, fertility rates will decline
Those pointing out that we need to focus on the structural dimensions of social change, argue that:
-Population growth, in particular high fertility, is a consequence rather than a cause of slow economic development
Critics of the demographic transition model argue that:
-The model applies the record of population change and development in Europe and North America as the universal standard
In 2014, the number of people living as refugees or internally displaced people worldwide was estimated by the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) at:
-55 million
Key "general tendencies" of international population movements in an age of globalization include (select all that apply, there are one to four possible correct answers):
-The involvement of an increasing number of countries, both as sending and receiving states
-Ongoing changes in where people go and where they come from
-The increasing politicization of migration
-The "feminization" of migration, as women are an increasing part of workforces
The majority of the world's refugees and internally displaced people are:
-Women and children
Which of the following statements is true concerning urbanization?
-More Developed Countries (MDCs) are more urbanized than Less Developed Countries (LDCs)
Across the globe, urbanization has been caused by (select all that apply, there are one to four possible correct answers)?
-Technological developments, "pushing" people off the farm
-Environmental decline, such as the overgrazing of land
-Industrialization, "pulling" people into cities
"Brain Drain" is (select all that apply, there are one to four possible correct answers):
-Sometimes not entirely negative, as those who emigrate can sometimes return home with new skills or capital
-The loss of highly skilled persons, mostly from developing countries, as they migrate to, most often, developed countries
Match the term to its definition.
-internally Displace Persons ////// People displaced within their own countries
-Emigration//// International migration out of a country
-Urbanization ///Grown in the size of cities, with an increasing percentage of the overall population
-Immigration////International migration into a country
-Refugee/////A person who is outside their country of origin because of well-founded fears of being persecuted
U.S. support for international family planning programs:
-Has shifted with changing administrations, with Republicans barring fertility control programs that include legal access to abortion, and Democrats supporting such programs
In general:
-Many LDCs have enacted policies to reduce population growth, while many MDCs have enacted policies to increase population growth
Which country accepts the largest total number of immigrants worldwide?
-The United States
Which country has been known for its "one child policy"?
-China
The role of women in population control:
-Has been seen as central because women's empowerment tends to lead to smaller but healthier families
In the map above, countries in green have the highest "Population Growth," generally showing that they are in the earlier stages of the demographic transition, whereas the countries in red have the lowest population growth or declining populations, generally showing they are in the latter stages. Using the RCII, match each country below to its population growth rate.
-india 1.20
Germany -.20
Nigeria 2.40
United states .80
Russia -.10
China .40
Ethiopia 2.90
While having high fertility rates and surging populations can be a challenge, especially for poorer developing countries, having large numbers of elderly citizens can also pose problems, such as not having enough working age people to support social security systems. Six countries have more than 20% of their populations over 65 years of age (five in Europe). Match the letter in the histogram to the country to find the world's four oldest populations.
-A portugal
B germany
C italy
D japan
As can be seen in the bar chart above, Syria leads the world with almost 5 million refugees. Five other countries after Syria have at least 500,000 refugees. Place these five in order from most refugees to least refugees. Do you know why these countries have so many refugees?
Most-least
-afghanistan ; somalia; south sudan; sudan; democratic republic of congo
Which region of the world has 33 of the top 35 countries with the highest birth rates?
-Africa
"Urbanization," a key dynamic in the movement of people worldwide, has been sparked by such factors as technological change, industrialization, and rural environmental decline. It is seen as an important factor in the demographic transition. Order the countries in the chart above from least urbanized to the most urbanized.
-afghanistan; india; china; ireland; united states; japan
The role of women has been seen as central to population control because women's empowerment tends to lead to smaller but healthier families. Clearly, even with a number of countries having missing data, the map above shows that women in Africa, the Middle East, and Asia face the most disparities and/or persecution. Match the country below to the main subdimension under "Gender Inequality and Integrity" where that country ranks as the worst in the world for that subdimension.
Pakistan::::Female/Male Economic Participation and Opportunity
Chad::::Female/Male Educational Attainment
Yemen::::Female/Male Political Empowerment
Mali::::Female Physical Integrity
China::::Female/Male Health and Survival
Health factors, such as the quality of health care systems and the prevalence of disease, can have a significant impact on demographics. Clearly, from the map above, Africa as well as South and Southeast Asia face major health challenges. Match the country below to the subdimension under "Health" where that country ranks as the worst in the world for that subdimension. Does anything surprise you? Do you know the location of each of these countries?
Non-infectious diseases//// Nauru
Health Systems//// Central African Republic
Substance Abuse//// United States
Infectious diseases//// Mozambique
Health Outcomes////// Chad
The moderator interviews an economic immigrant from Mexico who builds homes. How much more can he make in the U.S. than in Mexico?
-He can make in a day what he would in a week in Mexico
How many unaccompanied minors entered the U.S. during the 2014 crisis?
-60,000-80,000
As discussed in the video, many of the immigrants coming into the United States are from:
-The Northern Triangle of Central America (Guatemala, Honduras, El Salvador), the world's deadliest countries outside war zones
The video points to which country as having the highest homicide rates in the world?
-El Salvador
The analyst points to a 15-year, $10 billion U.S. effort in which country as a model for what's needed in Central America?
-Colombia
As discussed in the video, why is there so much violence in the Central American states? (select all that apply, there are one to four possible correct answers)
-Legacies of the 1980s the civil wars and the lack of full reconciliation
-The prevalence of power drug gangs, with many members trained in the U.S.
-The prevalence of significant amounts of guns
The moderator interviews an 11-year old boy who fled to the U.S. by himself because of the extreme drug-gang violence in his country. What country was this boy from?
-Honduras
Which of the following provides evidence that a warming planet is related to human behavior?
-Scientists have shown a close relationship between global carbon dioxide levels and average global temperatures, while demonstrating that there has been an increase in atmospheric carbon due to the burning of fossil fuels
For how long has scientific research on carbon dioxide been conducted?
-For about 150 years
Which of the following are empirically observable changes showing that our biosphere is changing (select all that apply, there are one to four possible correct answers)?
-The extent and thickness of the Arctic sea has declined rapidly over the past decades
-The number of record-high temperature events in the U.S. has been increasing since the 1950s
Which is correct about global warming and climate change (select all that apply; there may be one to four possible correct answers)?
-Climate change refers to the consequences of global warming on weather patterns over time
-Global warming refers to Earth's rising temperatures due to increased greenhouse gases
The hypothetical example used to explain why groups of individuals might overexploit shared environmental resources even when they know that it could be against their long-term interests is known as:
-The Tragedy of the Commons
By how much has the Earth's average temperature risen since 1900?
-By 1.6 degrees Fahrenheit
According to scientists, what is the maximum concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere that the Earth could sustain?
-About 390 parts per million
Which of the following are greenhouse gases (select all that apply, there are one to four possible correct answers)?
-Methane
-Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)
-Ozone
-Carbon dioxide
-Water vapor
While _____________ is a term that refers to the concern that increased greenhouse gases increase the Earth's temperature, ______________ is the term that includes reference to changes in extremes of temperatures and precipitation.
-Global warming / climate change
Why are some gases considered greenhouse gases (select all that apply; there are one to four possible correct answers)?
-Because they trap solar radiation in the atmosphere
-Because of their effect on the warming of the atmosphere
Carbon dioxide represents the highest percentage of total greenhouse gases, accounting for ______________ of the total.
-50%
Which of the following were contributing factors to the outbreak of the civil war in Syria in 2011 (select all that apply, there are one to four possible correct answers)?
-Permanent changes to rain and windfall patterns brought on by global warming
-Increasing scarcity of water and food sources
-The 2006 draught that had forced large numbers of rural Syrians into already crowded cities
As noted in your reading, which of the following had the highest 2014 per capita carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy?
-Saudi Arabia
Certain gases in the atmosphere - water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide - can trap solar radiation and cause the atmosphere to warm. These are called:
-Greenhouse gases
As noted in your reading, which of the following had the highest 2014 total carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy?
-China
Which of the following are likely consequences of climate change (select all that apply, there are one to four possible correct answers)?
-Increased number of droughts
-Increased flooding
-Rapidly changing habitats and species extinction
-Growing number of climate refugees
What was the biggest limitation of the Copenhagen Accord (2009) which included provisions for limiting the average rise in global temperatures to 2 degree Celsius and a commitment by the developed nations to generate $100 billion in additional resources to aid developing countries?
-It was not legally binding
The practice by countries that reduce their emissions below their allotted level to sell their "unused emissions" is called:
-Emissions trading
The 2016 Paris Agreement, which focused on renewed efforts to set emissions reduction targets to be met by both developing and developed countries, was signed by __________ states.
-195
What were the concerns raised with the Kyoto Protocol-195
(select all that apply; there are one to four possible correct answers)?
-The fact that key developing countries (i.e., China and India) did not participate meaningfully (i.e., didn't face binding emissions targets)
-The vagueness on how emissions trading could achieve reductions
-The degree to which carbon sinks should count toward a country's effort to reduce global warming
What is a key difference in climate change laws between more developed (MDCs) and less developed countries (LDCs)?
-MDCs focus on cutting emissions, while LDCs focus on adaptation
When was the Kyoto Protocol set to expire?
-2012
What is a carbon sink?
-An area that absorbs carbon, such as forests, oceans, or croplands
What are the reasons for why Small Island States are particularly concerned with reducing carbon dioxide emissions (select all that apply, there are one to four possible correct answers)?
-A rise of one meter in sea level could flood the Small Island States
-Rising sea levels could destroy their economies
The 1997 agreement that contains legally binding emission targets for key greenhouse gases, especially carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide, is:
-The Kyoto Protocol
When did the first World Climate Conference in Geneva take place?
-1979
The Paris Agreement was successful in as much as it built on commitments to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by, amongst others, both the United States and China. However, it has been criticized for (select all that apply, there are one to four possible correct answers):
-Lacking mandatory cuts in emissions
-Having cuts that don't go deep enough
Rank the following alternative energy sources according to how much they contribute to all alternative energy production (1 = the highest to 4 = the lowest)
1 Hydroelectricity
2 wind power
3 biomass
4 solar energy
5 geothermal
6 marine energies
Which of the following countries is the leader in renewable energy investment?
-China
How much of the GLOBAL electricity supply comes from alternative energy sources?
-20%
Which of the following are alternative energy sources (select all that apply, there are one to four possible correct answers)?
-Hydroelectricity
-Biomass
-Solar
Which of the following are examples of geoengineering (select all that apply, there are one to four possible correct answers)?
-Manipulation of Earth's cloud cover
-Finding ways to capture and safely store carbon dioxide
-Creating a planetary filter to reflect sunlight
-Changing ocean chemistry to increase their carbon absorption
How much of the UNITED STATES electricity supply is generated by alternative energy sources?
-About 15%
Geoengineering is the planned manipulation of Earth's climate to counteract the effects of global warming. Geoengineering can be divided into two main categories:
-Carbon dioxide removal and solar radiation management
Sustainable development involves: (select all that apply, there are one to four possible correct answers)
-Increasing efficiency
-Reducing consumption
-Using renewable energies
What action did the UN take in 2015 to push for greater environmental stewardship in its development agenda?
-It adopted the Sustainable Development Goals
Sustainable development has been defined as (select all that apply, there are one to four possible correct answers):
-Development that improves the quality of human life while living within the carrying capacity of supporting ecosystems
-Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs
-Sound environmental planning without sacrificing economic and social improvements
The tension over sustainable development can be stated as:
-Whether the focus should be on environmental conservation of living and nonliving resources or on enhancing economic growth and development
What distinguishes the Brundtland Commission's definition of sustainable development from the one proposed by the International Union for the Conservation of Nature, the United Nations Environment Programme, and the World Wide Fund for Nature?
-The former focuses on the well-being of humans while the latter extends the definition to the biosphere
What is the main critique that developing states (LDCs) levy against industrial states (MDCs) over global environmental issues (select all that apply, there are one to four possible correct answers)?
-That the long history of MDC industrialization processes has been the greatest contributor to global environmental problems
-That the average person in an industrialized country accounts for significantly more resource consumption than someone in a poorer country
At which of the following conferences was the UN's Environment Program (UNEP) created?
-1972 Stockholm Conference
While negotiated independently of the 1992 Earth Summit, what legally-binding treaties are also associated with the conference in Rio de Janeiro (and sometimes referred to as the Rio Conventions)?
-The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and the Convention on Biological Diversity
The Brundtland Commission's 1987 report "Our Common Future" identified: (select all that apply, there are one to four possible correct answers):
-A need for world-wide development strategies that recognized the limits of our ecosystem
-Poverty eradication as a necessary requirement for environmentally sustainable development
What change in thinking is linked to Agenda 21? (select all that apply, there are one to four possible correct answers)
-A growing recognition that economic development strategies need to be in harmony with nature
-A growing recognition that developed countries should cut down on their wasteful consumption patterns
-A growing recognition that developing countries should integrate the environment into their development strategies
Which of the following environmental conferences first combined scientific issues with broader political, social, and economic issues?
-1972 Stockholm Conference
One of the key outcomes of Rio+20 was a focus on building a green economy. A green economy is an economy that (select all that apply, there are one to four possible correct answers):
-Improves human well-being and social equity while reducing environmental risks
-Is low-carbon, resource-efficient, and socially inclusive
Which of the following were the key outcomes of the Johannesburg Summit in 2002 (select all that apply, there are one to four possible correct answers)?
-The forming of nearly 300 voluntary partnerships between private sector and civil society organizations to support sustainable development
-An implementation plan detailing a comprehensive program of action with quantifiable goals and targets
-A pledge by the world's leaders to commit fully to the goal of sustainable development
Which of the following are listed as part of the MDGs (select all that apply, there are one to four possible correct answers)?
-Achieve universal primary education
-Reduce child mortality
-Combat HIV/AIDS and other diseases
-Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger
-Develop a global partnership for development
-Improve maternal health
-Ensure environmental sustainability
-Promote gender equality and women's empowerment
What are reasons for why in 2000 the UN General Assembly adopted the MDGs (select all that apply, there are one to four possible correct answers)?
-Official development assistance from industrialized countries had declined since the 1992 Rio Summit
-A growing recognition that the world was failing to reach most of the goals set out in Agenda 21
-Increasing concerns over globalization and emerging issues such as the HIV/AIDS pandemic
What does "UN MDGs" stand for?
-United Nations Millennium Development Goals
Which of the following are points of criticism made against the SDGs (select all that apply, there are one to four possible correct answers)?
-The SDGs are internally inconsistent because they don't acknowledge that global poverty and ecological decline are tied to extreme wealth, inequality, and overconsumption
-The goals are presented as if in isolation and this could contribute to missing important connections that undermine the goal of sustainability
-There are too many goals and targets for them to be effective
While the MDGs included 8 goals and 21 targets, the SDGs include:
-17 goals and 169 targets
Which of the following are actions individuals can take to help achieve the SDGs (select all that apply, there are one to four possible correct answers)?
-Reduce, reuse, recycle
-Ask your local and national authorities to engage in activities that don't harm people or the planet
-Save water: avoid baths, take shorter showers
-Don't waste food (buy only what you need, freeze left-overs)
-Unplug appliances
-Compost any food remains to reduce landfills
-Buy products from companies that have sustainable practices
-Turn off the lights
-Whenever possible, bike, walk or take public transportation
Who was responsible for crafting the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)?
-Governments working together in the Open Working Group on Sustainable Development
in 2015, the UN's ___________________ expired and were replaced by the ____________________.
-Millennium Development Goals / Sustainable Development Goals
What apparent tension is part of the concept of sustainable development?
-The tension between economic health, social health, and ecological health
Which of the following are questions that remain unanswered even after the SDGs were adopted (select all that apply, there are one to four possible correct answers)?
-How should the roles and responsibilities of implementation be shared between developing and developed states?
-Who will decide on the how much of the financial costs will be taken on by public and how much by private sources?
-Will MDCs carry a greater share of the financial obligations than LDCs?
Who was responsible for crafting the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)?
-A Group of UN experts under the guidance of the UN Secretary-General
As can be seen in the table above of "Greenhouse Gas Emissions" (one of the subdimensions under "Air Quality"), China and the United States rank #142 and #141 (i.e., the worst). Which three countries rank as next lowest on "Greenhouse Gas Emissions"?
-Qatar, United Arab Emirates, Russia
In the radar chart above, three of the most pivotal countries to global environmental concerns are shown across "Environmental Sustainability" and its four main subdimensions. Match the country to the color.
-green= united state
blue= china
orange= india
Africa has many of the countries where significant numbers of people lack access to drinking water and improved sanitation. In the table above, which countries stand out as clearly having the worst "Water Access"?
-Chad, Burundi, Kenya
As can be seen in the Country Profile drill down above, the United States ranks 127th in "Air Quality," 24th in "Water Quality," and 79th in "Land Quality." Look inside these three subdimensions and select all of the below that are true.
-81.84% of Americans have access to sanitation
-The U.S. ranks last in "Carbon Emissions"
China ranks as the worst in the world on five of the 15 "Air Quality" variables in the RCII (both aggregate variables and raw data variables). Select all the variables below where the country ranks last (score of 1).
-Other Greenhouse Gas Emissions
-Nitrous Oxide (KT of CO2 Equivalent)
-CO2 Emissions (KT)
-Greenhouse Gas Emissions
-Methane Emissions (KT of CO2 Equivalent)
"Water Quality" issues are particularly acute in Africa. Which country ranks as the worst in the world on "Water Quality" in 2017?
-Chad
Outside its focus on air, land, and water quality, the RCII has one stand-alone variable in its "Environmental Sustainability" subdimension, "Environmental Risk Exposure." From the map above you can clearly see that the African and Asian states generally do not do well on this variable. What is its definition (i.e., what is it trying to measure)?
-The Environmental Risk Exposure (ERE) indicator assesses hazards to human health posed by five environmental risk factors: unsafe water, unsafe sanitation, ambient particulate matter pollution, household air pollution from solid fuels, and ambient ozone pollution.
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