GRAM
Geometric Perspective
Retinal Image Size
Aerial Perspective
Motion Parallax

Monocular Cues which assist crewmembers with distance estimation and depth perception:

Monocular Cues

An object appears to have a different shape when it is viewed at varying distances and from different angles.

LAV
Linear Perspective
Apparent Foreshortening 
Vertical Position in the Field

(3) Types of Geometric Perspective (LAV):

Parallel lines such as railroad tracks tend to converge as distance from the observer increases.

The shape of an object or terrain feature apears elliptical (oval and narrow) when viewed from a distance at both higher and lower altitudes.

Objects or terrain features at greater distances from the observer appear higher on the horizon than those closer to the observer.

An image focused on the retina is perceived by the brain to be of a given size.

KITO
Known Image Size of Objects
Increasing/Decreasing Size of Objects
Terrestrial Association
Overlapping Contours of Interposition of Objects

(4) Factors that aid in determining distance using Retinal Image Size (KITO):

The nearer an object is to the observer, the larger its retinal image. By experience, the brain learns to estimate the distance of familiar objects by the size of their retinal image.

If the retinal image of an object increases in size, the object is moving closer to the observer. If the retinal image decreases, the object is moving further away. If the retinal image is constant, the object is at a fixed distance.

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Monocular Cues Flashcards

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