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Hypothalamus and Pituitary

Terms in this set (57)

Below
The hypothalamus is located ____ the thalamus
Sella turcica
The pituitary sits in the _____
Three
The hypothalamus can be divided into ____ regions
Synaptic / hormonal
Pituitary and hypothalamus utilize ____ communication and ____ communication to regulate target cells
Nervous system / endocrine system
The pituitary and hypothalamus are the link between the ____ and ____
body homeostasis
The hypothalamus is also a major regulator of ____
1. Hunger
2. Thirst
3. Sex drive
4. Sleep-wake cycle
5. Body temp
6. Blood glucose
Homeostatic control (hypothalamus) include (6)
Pituitary hormones
Endocrine control occurs via regulating the release of _____
Descending pathways / preganglionic neurons
Autonomic control occurs via _____ to sympathetic and parasympathetic _____
Emotional behavior
Lambic function via connections to limbic system regulating _____
ADH (vasopressin)

Oxytocin
The posterior pituitary releases (2)
1. Growth hormone
2. Thyroid Stimulating Hormone
3. ACTH
4. FSH
5. LH
6. Prolactin
Anterior pituitary releases (6)
1. Secretion of regulatory hormones to control activity of anterior lobe of pituitary
2. Production of ADH and oxytocin
3. Control of sympathetic output to adrenal medulla
3 methods of hypothalamic control over endocrine system
Other endocrine organs
Hormones secreted by anterior lobe of pituitary gland control _____
Releasing and inhibiting peptide hormones
Hypothalamic neurons synthesize _____ which control activity of anterior pituitary
Median eminence / hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal system
Hormones which regulate anterior pituitary are transported to axon endings in _____ where they are secreted into _____ to reach receptors that regulate secretions
1. Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)
2. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
3. Coricotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)
4. Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH)
Excitatory hormones from hypothalamus (4)
TSH
TRH stimulates anterior pituitary to release ____
FSH and LH
GnRH stimulates anterior pituitary to release _____
ACTH
CRH stimulates anterior pituitary to release _____
Growth hormone
GHRH stimulates anterior pituitary to release ____
Somatostatin / Dopamine
Two inhibitory hormones released from hypothalamus are _____ and ____
Growth hormone
Somatostatin inhibits release of ____ from anterior pituitary
Prolactin
Dopamine inhibits release of ____ from anterior pituitary
All hormones decrease except prolactin
What hormonal changes occur after pituitary stalk section?
Six
There are ____ anterior pituitary hormones
Stimuli: exercise, stress, sleep

Effects: Growth and metabolism
Growth Hormone (anterior pituitary) stimuli and effects
Stimuli: suckling, stress

Effects: lactation (milk production)
Prolactin (anterior pituitary) stimuli and effectts
Stimuli: cold temperature

Effects: Increase thyroid hormone secretion
Thyroid-stimulating hormone (anterior pituitary) stimuli and effects
Male: increase spermatogenesis

Female: follicle development
Follicle Stimulating hormone (anterior pituitary) effects on males and females
Males: testosterone

Females: ovulation
Lutenizing hormone (anterior pituitary) effects on males and females
Stimuli: stress

Effect: release cortisol
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (anterior pituitary) stimuli and effects
Central nervous system / hormones produced in peripheral target glands
Secretions of anterior pituitary hormones is regulated by ____ and ____
Central nervous system
The ____ provides the primary drive for secretion
Prolactin / hypothalamus
Secretion of all anterior pituitary hormones except ____ decline severely in the absence of stimulation from the _____
Tonic inhibitory control (via dopamine)
Prolactin secretion is normally under _____ by the hypothalamus
Environmental factors / hypothalamus
____ may increase or decrease pituitary activity by increasing or decreasing hormone secretions from _____
Target gland hormones
_____ may inhibit further secretions by acting on the hypothalamus or pituitary (negative feedback)
Pituitary hormones
____ may inhibit their own secretion by a short feedback loop
Oxytocin

Vasopressin
The posterior pituitary releases 2 hormones which are ____
Increases uterine contractions / contraction of mammary glands
Oxytocin causes _____ and _____
Raises blood pressure / reabsorption of water by renal tubules
Vasopressin will _____ and promote _____
Posterior pituitary / hypothalamus
Oxytocin and vasopressin are stored in the _____ but are synthesized in the _____
Positive feedback
Regulation of oxytocin is a _____ arrangement
1. Pituitary hormone hyper- or hyposecretion
2. Stellar enlargement
3. Visual loss
Hypothalamic-pituitary lesions present with signs including (3)
Pituitary adenoma
In adults, the most common cause of hypothalamic-pituitary dysfunction is a ____
Hyper secreting
The majority of pituitary adenoma are _____
Hypogonadism (diminished function of gonads)
Early manifestations of pituitary adenoma are ____
1. Stellar enlargement
2. Headache
3. Visual loss
Late manifestations of pituitary adenoma are (3)
Impairment of growth (dwarfism)
Hyposecretion of GHRH causes ____
Gigantism / acromegaly
Hypersecretion of GHRH causes ____ in young patients and ____ in adults
Reduced response to stress
Hyposecretion of Corticotrophin causes _____
Cushing's syndrome
Hypersecretion of Corticotrophin will result in ____
Failure of lactation
Hyposecretion of Prolactin leads to _____ in women
1. Infertility and menstrual complaints
2. Decreased libido in men
3. Inappropriate milk production
Hypersecretion of prolactin will lead to (3)
Diabetes insipidus
Hyposecretion of vasopressin can lead to ____
Syndrome of Inappropriate ADH (SIADH)
Hypersecretion of vasopressin can lead to ____
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