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Chapter 9: Early Childhood Cognitive & Language Development

Terms in this set (29)

Symbolic (Representational) Thinking
first observed around 18 months of age and marks the 6th substage of the sensorimotor stage; includes use of objects as symbols, use of actions as symbols, and significant continuing growth in language abilities
Functional Relationships
what normally accompanies or is normally associated with what; learning how the world works
Ego
part of the personality named by Freud; functional relationships is an analogous part of its development
Theory of Mind
prediction of the behavior of another based on their understanding of the beliefs of the other
Metacognition
ability to think about thinking and other cognitive processes such as learning and memory
Classify
sort objects, as long as the classification/sorting task does not require simultaneous (ie. color, size, shape, etc.) attention to more than one parameter at a time
Quantity
3 year olds, even if they cannot count, can correctly identify the group that contains more objects when the difference in quantity between the two groups is large
Decenter
the ability to focus on more than one aspect or dimension of a problem or issue at a time
Preoperational Stage (2-7 years)
(below the age of 7) child was incapable of performing certain mental actions or reasoning processes that school-age children, teens, and adults can perform
Operations (Piaget)
mental actions or reasoning processes
Conservation
the amount of substance in two containers must, of logical necessity, be equal - even though this appears not to be so - since no substance was lost during the transfer
False-Belief Task
a problem requiring accurate prediction of how another person will behave if that other person has incorrect information
Appearance-Reality Distinction
distinguishing between an object's present appearance and its actual qualities (or essence)
Egocentric
incapable of performing is to put himself in the shoes of another, to be able to understand another person's perspective of the world
Animistic (Beliefs)
believe nonliving objects are alive and/or conscious
Essence
the concept of the nature of things
Social Constructivism
the perspective that much, if not most learning occurs during social interactions, not uncommonly in an activity setting in which others are participating
Activity Setting
a shared focus of attention and a common goal, with learning occurring incidentally as a result of participation
Neostructuralist (neo-Piagetian) Theories
theories of cognitive development based on the general notion of stage-like development, but which focus on more precise areas of thinking and mechanisms of development than Piaget's original theory proposed
Morphemes
the smallest meaningful unit of language, including words, prefixes, suffixes, and verb-tense modifiers
Generative Rules
syntactic rules that allow speakers to generate new sentences almost infinitely by applying them to new morphemes
Holophrases
one word utterances that are attempts to communicate more than what is contained in the one word
Duos
two word sentences that ignore syntax
Telegraphic Speech
syntax may be employed in their construction, but less informative words are omitted
Overgeneralization Errors
uses a common but wrong grammatical form of a word instead of an irregular but correct form
Language Acquisition Device (LAD)
innate capacity for language acquisition
Infant-Directed Speech
simplified language used when interacting with an infant
Recasting
rephrasing or restating an utterance expressed by a preschool child in a more mature, correct way
American Sign Language
a system of gestures used in place of oral language by individuals with hearing impairments
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