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5.3: Classification and Biodiversity

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Outline the role of botanical and zoological congresses in the naming of plants and animals.


Understanding: The binomial system of names for species is universal among biologists and has been agreed and developed at a series of congresses.
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Terms in this set (45)
Outline the role of botanical and zoological congresses in the naming of plants and animals.


Understanding: The binomial system of names for species is universal among biologists and has been agreed and developed at a series of congresses.
A "congress" is a regularly occurring meeting of taxonomists attended by delegates from all over the world. At these meeting, the biologist modify the rules for naming and classifying species and approve the names of any new species that have been discovered.
Image: *Outline the role of botanical and zoological congresses in the naming of plants and animals.* Understanding: The binomial system of names for species is universal among biologists and has been agreed and developed at a series of congresses.
Define "binomial nomenclature."


Understanding: The binomial system of names for species is universal among biologists and has been agreed and developed at a series of congresses.
Species are named with two name (binomial). The first name is for the genus and the second name is for the species. Together the two names make a unique combination that designate a species.
Image: *Define "binomial nomenclature."* Understanding: The binomial system of names for species is universal among biologists and has been agreed and developed at a series of congresses.
Outline the benefits of using a system of binomial nomenclature.


Understanding: The binomial system of names for species is universal among biologists and has been agreed and developed at a series of congresses.
The binomial system has been a successful system because it is functional, has been the only system that is recognized worldwide, and has been used over the last 250+ years of naming species. Having an internationally recognized system of naming species facilitates communication between people with a different language.
Image: *Outline the benefits of using a system of binomial nomenclature.* Understanding: The binomial system of names for species is universal among biologists and has been agreed and developed at a series of congresses.
State rules of binomial nomenclature formatting.


Understanding: When species are discovered they are given scientific names using the binomial system.
Scientific names are Latin or latinized names that are standardized by a series of rules that are applicable worldwide.

1. The Genus name is capitalized.
2. The species names is lower case.
3. The binomial is shown underlined if printed or italicized if typed.
Image: *State rules of binomial nomenclature formatting.* Understanding: When species are discovered they are given scientific names using the binomial system.
Define "taxa".


Understanding: Taxonomists classify species using a hierarchy of taxa.​
Taxon, plural taxa, is a grouping unit used in biological classification. There are multiple common grouping units of taxa. For example, a "species" is a taxon (group) of all the organisms that can (actually or potentially) interbreed with each other to produce fertile offspring and cannot breed with others.
Image: *Define "taxa"*. Understanding: Taxonomists classify species using a hierarchy of taxa.​
Define "taxonomist."


Understanding: Taxonomists classify species using a hierarchy of taxa.​
A taxonomist is a biologist that groups organisms into categories.
Image: *Define "taxonomist."* Understanding: Taxonomists classify species using a hierarchy of taxa.​
List the hierarchy of biological taxa, from largest to smallest.


Understanding: Taxonomists classify species using a hierarchy of taxa.​
The hierarchy of taxa from largest to smallest is:
1. Domain
2. Kingdom
3. Phylum
4. Class
5. Order
6. Family
7. Genus
8. Species
Image: *List the hierarchy of biological taxa, from largest to smallest.* Understanding: Taxonomists classify species using a hierarchy of taxa.​
List the three domains of life.


Understanding: All organisms are classified into three domains.
A domain is the broadest taxonomic grouping of organisms. The three-domain system was proposed by Carl Woese et al. in 1990. It divides cellular life forms into three domains, the archaea, eubacteria, and eukaryota.
Image: *List the three domains of life.* Understanding: All organisms are classified into three domains.
State the two prokaryotic domains.


Understanding: All organisms are classified into three domains.
Two domains consist of prokaryotic organisms, single-celled microorganisms whose cells have no nucleus or internal membrane bound compartments.

1. Archaea
2. Eubacteria
Image: *State the two prokaryotic domains.* Understanding: All organisms are classified into three domains.
Distinguish the archaea domain from the eubacteria domain.


Understanding: All organisms are classified into three domains.
Archaea
DNA with histone proteins.
Usually have intron DNA sequences.
Cell walls not made of peptidoglycan.
Membrane phospholipids can be branched.
Different ribosomes than eubacteria.
Not sensitive to antibiotics that affect eubacteria.
Can live in extreme environments (hot springs, salt lakes, marshlands, oceans, gut of ruminants and humans).

Eubacteria
DNA without histone proteins.
Usually do no have intron DNA sequences.
Cell walls made of peptidoglycan.
Membrane phospholipids not branched.
Different ribosomes than archaea.
Sensitive to antibiotics that do not affect archaea.
Most do not live in extreme environments.
Summarize the evidence that supports a three domain classification of life.


Understanding: All organisms are classified into three domains.
Genetic sequencing provided researchers a new way of analyzing relationships between organisms. The three domain system groups organisms primarily based on differences in ribosomal RNA (rRNA) structure. Ribosomal RNA is a molecular building block for ribosomes. Each of these three domains contains unique rRNA.
Image: *Summarize the evidence that supports a three domain classification of life.* Understanding: All organisms are classified into three domains.
Draw a tree diagram to illustrate the evolutionary relationship between the three domains.


Understanding: All organisms are classified into three domains.
There is ongoing debate about the early evolution of life on Earth and the placement of the three domains on a tree diagram. The current consensus places the last universal common ancestor (LUCA) at the root of the tree with two branches, one leading to the eubacteria (B) and the other two the archaea (A) and eukaryota (E).
Image: *Draw a tree diagram to illustrate the evolutionary relationship between the three domains.* Understanding: All organisms are classified into three domains.
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List the four kingdoms of eukaryotes.


Understanding: The principal taxa for classifying eukaryotes are kingdom, phylum, class, order, family and genus and species.
The four eukaryotic kingdoms are animalia, plantae, fungi, and protista.
Image: *List the four kingdoms of eukaryotes.* Understanding: The principal taxa for classifying eukaryotes are kingdom, phylum, class, order, family and genus and species.
Define "natural classification."


Understanding: In a natural classification, the genus and accompanying higher taxa consist of all the species that have evolved from one common ancestral species.
Natural classification is the grouping of organisms into taxa on the basis of their evolutionary relationships.
Image: *Define "natural classification."* Understanding: In a natural classification, the genus and accompanying higher taxa consist of all the species that have evolved from one common ancestral species.
Compare artificial and natural classification systems of taxonomy."


Understanding: In a natural classification, the genus and accompanying higher taxa consist of all the species that have evolved from one common ancestral species.
Artificial classification is the grouping of organisms into groups on the basis of observable structural features (e.g. the grouping together of plants according to the number and situation of their stamens, styles, and stigmas rather than their evolutionary relationships). As knowledge of homologous structures, genetics and evolutionary relationships has grown, artificial systems have been superseded by systems of natural classification, which considers evolutionary relationships for groupings.
Image: *Compare artificial and natural classification systems of taxonomy."* Understanding: In a natural classification, the genus and accompanying higher taxa consist of all the species that have evolved from one common ancestral species.